SASQUATCH ARCHAEOLOGY: NOTES ON THE HARWOOD HYPOTHESIS . Ray Harwood

SASQUATCH ARCHAEOLOGY In this article I discus, more or less in essay form, the concept of archaeology and how I have applied this science of the study of ancient and historic human cultures and their artifacts to that of ancient Sasquatch, referred to here as “Saquatchopithicus” and the modern incarnation of the the big and hairy RelIct hominoid as “Bigfoot,” that I refer to henceforth as Sasquatch. I discus these subjects informally but try and address each specific idea with enough detail and example to make it interesting . Archaeology the study of human history and prehistory through the examination and study of ancient life-ways and the left over evidence thereof. Excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains is the most identifiable earmarks of archaeology.

What is Sasquatch? THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD “BIGFOOT" (A Bigfoot by Any Other Name will Smell as Feet): One of the several scientific names for Bigfoot or Sasquatch, if you prefer, is “Homo sapiens cognatus ” this nomenclature was applied to the allusive North American Ape, this name later published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The name breaks down like this Homo sapiens (Human) Cognatus (meaning blood relative, hence the lack of Bigfoot DNA issues) (Loren Coleman, 1997). All scientific nomenclatures are in Latin. Binomial Nomenclature the Latin (or Greek) names for individual species are written using a system termed "binomial nomenclature". The scientific system of naming each species of organism with a Latinized name in two parts; the first is the genus, and is written with an initial capital letter; the second is some specific epithet that distinguishes the species within the genus. By conspicuous convention, the whole name is typeset in italics as the standard rule. With a name like this Homo sapiens (Human) Cognatus (meaning blood relative) again, one can deduce why researchers keep coming up with human DNA strands when they analyze hair strands from the alleged relict hominoid, known as Bigfoot. So how many artifacts of hair, and other biological evidence, have been possibly rejected that, theoretically may have been the byproduct from the activity the alleged relict hominoid, known as Bigfoot. In Bigfoot Quest Magazine I have gone with the term set “alleged relict hominoid, known as Bigfoot”, until 100 % verification of the specific species or possible subspecies is achieved. According to Dmitri Bayanov of the International Center of Hominology, in Moscow, Russia; “Dr. Boris Porshnev, founder of Russian “hominology”, used the term relict hominoid, actually implying relict hominid in the classification generally accepted at the time he researched taxonomy. Bayanov used both terms interchangeably, always implying “hominid” in a paper he researched published in The Relict Hominoid Inquiry 1:23-50 (2012). In a presentation I attended by Dr. Jeff Meldrum in 2017, he proposed that Bigfoot field researchers should begin to incorporate the term relict hominoid, he emphasized it; “use it until it rolls off the tongue” in place of, or in conjunction with the popular name Bigfoot, I suspect this is to add a scientific continuity. Dr. Meldrum asked the audience “What’s in a name?” and the answer for me is uniformity and clarity in the realm of the quest. “Various scientific names have been proposed for the animals known as Bigfoot and Sasquatch. One of the fullest discussions of this topic can be found in Grover Krantz's Big Footprints (Boulder: Johnson, 1992), on pages 193-196. What Krantz points out is simple. He notes that if he is right about his theories of what is represented by Bigfoot and what is evidenced in the fossil record, no new name is needed. What Krantz thinks and has formally written since 1986, is that "we in fact have footprints of Gigantopithecus blacki here in North America." If in fact it is a different species of this genus, then Krantz would name it Gigantopithecus Canadensis. As Grover Krantz notes on page 194, canadensis "is a commonly used zoological name for species that are native to northern North America." (Loren Coleman, 1997) From our Canadian neighbors to the north we have incorporated the name "Sasquatch," This term was first coined by early Bigfoot researcher J. W. Burns in the 1920s, a teacher by trade, Burns collected “wild hairy giant stories” from the First Nation (synonymous with Native American or American Indians of the species homo sapiens) group the Chehalis Indians. Burns had, as far as I can determine, created the term "Sasquatch" to combine a conglomerate of similar “Native” Canadians' names, but based mostly on the Halkomelem word sásq’ets, or “wild man.” Sasquatch (pronounced- ‘sas-"kwäch) (a teacher got this from the study of the First Nation Salishan language of southwestern British Columbia) : Bigfoot is considered, by most of the general public a mythological or crypto, and not an alleged American relict hominid primate, by the vast majority of Americans surveyed. In colleges and Universities the Bigfoot, the survey concluded that Bigfoot is considered less likely to exist than the Loch Ness Monster, or Nessie (a creature in Scottish folklore that is said to inhabit Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands), or the Vampire Dracula (Vlad the Impaler in Romanian historiography) but more highly believable than leprechauns and or trolls. The Bigfoot, as a myth, entails a 6 to 15 foot tall (they get bigger the farther north you go or the more beer you drink), 800 pound hairy ape-like alleged American relict hominid being reported by some to exist in the mostly in Pacific North-Western United States, Parts of Alaska and Canada, but judging by the literally thousands of recently produced books, documentaries, YouTube videos and even block buster Hollywood movies Bigfoots, the geographic distribution Bigfoot has spread to pretty much the entire globe. The popular term “Bigfoot” has a couple various origin stories, the most common being the 1958 story of Jerry Crew, a logging company bulldozer operator in Humboldt County, California, in the Six Rivers National Forest. Jerry apparently discovered a set 16 inch long human-like footprints pushed fairly deeply into the mud. Given there was similar prints being seen the logging company employees soon began using "Bigfoot" to the occurrence. The Crew contacted reporter Andrew Genzoli of the Humboldt Times who proceeded to write articles about the mysterious footprints, introducing the name "Bigfoot" into print for the first time and as a result the term "Bigfoot" became widespread Dr. Joe Nickell is a prominent paranormal investigator who is respected and admired by skeptics for his research into Hoaxers. The PhD is said to be a former investigator with a world-famous detective agency. Dr. Nickell says of Bluff Creek: “In 1958, a Sasquatch seemingly made several visits to a road construction site at Northern California’s Bluff Creek. Its tracks were discovered by a bulldozer operator, Gerald “Jerry” Crew” a photo of whom. holding up a cast of a giant footprint, was spread by a wire service across the country. Consequently, the name “Bigfoot” (which first appeared in the Humboldt Times on October 5, 1958) began to become widespread” What is Sasquatch Archaeology? On a search of the world wide web I found scant references to Sasquatch archaeology, good because I can use the name for my book and bad because there is not a lot of reference material to site and expound upon. In the February 2016 issue Ancient Origins was able to locate a tasty tidbit called “Is there Archaeological Evidence of bigfoot, (Part 1)” The article begins by giving a brief description of the Professor Mitchel Townsend’s announcement in which professed to have found proof of Bigfoots existence. The article about Professor Mitchel Townsend “ Challenge Accepted; Proof of Bigfoot is in the Bones, College Professor Says” (Katy Myers Emory and Lisa Bright Blog: Bones Don’t Lie). Professor Mitchel Townsend, as many of us researchers, have found bone piles deep in the woods near Mount Saint Helens, these had with large human-like bite marks in them. Dr. Townsend , a professor at Centrailia college and Lower ColumbiaCollege. The articles are missing from Katy Myers Emory’s Blog and I could not find her on Facebook. The February 2016 issue Ancient Origins reprinted the excellent article by Katy Myers Emory and Lisa Bright Blog: Bones Don’t Lie. stated they had excepted a challenge put forth by Professor Mitchel Townsend to refute his findings, but the Ancient Origins article simply regurgitated all the anti-Bigfoot red-rick you hear every day and did not even discuss the teeth marks in the bones. It was quit confusing for a simpleton like myself, but I saw no definitive refute of Professor Mitchel Townsend’s claim that Bigfoot had chewed “Dem bones”.! I never did find “part 2” of the article. According to Amazon Books; “Bigfoot is Solved, Hybrid Hominin is the only scientific proof of Bigfoot ever recovered. Mitchel N. Townsend, the only person to ever design and instruct Bigfoot courses (2) at the college level, brings you his Zooarcheological Forensic Dental Impression Research which conclusively proves the existence of Bigfoot beyond any doubt. He is the world’s foremost authority upon Bigfoot and Bigfoot related research. He has presented this research at prestigious anthropological and archaeological research conferences as well as the International Bigfoot Conference (2016) and the Sasquatch Summit (2015/2016). He is truly the next generation of highly successful Bigfoot researchers. If results are the measure of success, then Townsend's results are without Peer or Precedent.” I personally have seen wood and bone with bite and chew marks in the deep woods, but never paused to study them. In forensics, bite mark evidence is known as odontology. In forensic odontology bite and dental impressions to that of a suspect in a murder or victim of malice. An artifact is an object made by , and used by, a human being, typically an item of a specific cultural or historical interest: structural, functionsal and so on. Analysis of said artifact can yield a great amount of information about the previous owner of the object. The raw material procurement, the craftsmanship, the use or function(wear patterns) and what it was used on (trace element studies including DNA). An artifact is also something observed in a scientific investigation or experiment that is not naturally present but occurs as a result of the preparative or investigative procedures. A flint arrowhead or an old glass medicine bottle are both artifact; the arrowhead, for the most part, would be prehistoric and the bottle historic but both are artifacts and it would be natural to see each one on display in a museum. BONE TOOLS: STONE TOOLS: KEY STONE TOOL VOCABULARY: 1) THE TEXAS RESEARCH Texas is famous for flint, the state hosts a plethora of abundant flint outcrops and mines. The ultimate ancient Texas flint human made artifact is known as the “Sweet-water Biface” A biface is an elongate-ovoid in basic online, thinned, spearpoint-like lithic artifact with large percussion flake scars emanating from the margin, sword the center of the plater. This exceptionally thin flint biface is from Nolan County, Texas.  It dates to the Caddo phase of the Mississippian period, ca. 300-1200 BP.  This artifact is referred to as the ‘Sweetwater Biface’. If Texas would not of adopted the monicker “Lone Star State” when in 1836 it gained its independence from Mexico with its flag of a single star, it would ave undoubtedly been deemed the “Flint State” for the material’s abundance here, there is even a National Monument to flint. Alibates Flint Quarries was established to preserve, protect, interpret and study flint deposits there of the artifact lithic mining, reduction, manufacture and use by indigenous peoples of the Texas Panhandle. The Antiquities Act of 1906, is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906. This law gives the President of the United States the authority to, by presidential proclamation, create national monuments from federal lands to protect significant natural, cultural, or scientific features. The Act has been used more than a hundred times since its passage. There is also a town called “Flint” in Smith County , Texas which tells you a lot about the abundance and importance of the raw material some areas of the state.Alibates flint is a high quality lithic material (see chart) and famous for its ascetic appeal. Alibates is just one of many lithic materials in Texas; Edward’s Plateau flint and Georgetown flint in Central Texas, The German settlement of Fredericksberg area has Pedernales flint to name a few from the dozens of outcrops . 2) Texas Sasquatch The BFRO ha, at 6he time of this writing, 250 listed reports for Texas Sasquatch, or Bigfoot, encounters. The . David Claerr discovered near a ranch in Texas — the remarkable discovery of various tools manufactured by sasquatches for different specific purposes. Near the possible sasquatch encampment that bears the crux of his groundbreaking research was what Claerr termed as a Cairn — a marker he says is used by Sasquatch to denote important locations, in this case some boulders stacked on top of each other in a dry creek bed, so large it would take 5 or 6 men to lift. In the encampment itself Claerr described seeing a flint core — a large stone made of chert (also known as georgetown flint) that had large flakes knocked off of it. He also found a “hand ax” crafted out of chert, closely resembling Paleolithic Era hand axes. Additionally he found other flaked off stones to make cutting tools. The encampment contained many items including bones, produce rinds, and other objects scavenged from garbage and gardens. Of those discarded items the bones were significant in confirming one specialized sasquatch tool use. While examining bones that had been split open to reach the nutritious marrow inside Claerr discovered the bones had many narrow impact points leaving chips in the bones. These chip marks matched the sharp edge of the hand ax found in the encampment, apparently used to assist in splitting the bones open. The hand ax was free of soil stains, meaning it was not an old artifact, but was newly made. If true, this is an example of saquatches not only using tools but also manufacturing those tools. He also notes other tools made from deer antler, believing a sharpened piece of deer antler was used to knock flakes off of the flint stone. Elsewhere he found turned up soil and an antler that had been used to dig in the soil, possibly to find worms or grubs, with the shank of the antler worn down by what Claerr believes was done by a prehensile hand, and the antler had grass stains up to 5 or 6 inches above the point. Claerr’s e-book doesn’t just delve in to possible tool making and use, but also explores certain activities of sasquatches in order to evaluate their level of intelligence. One interesting feat was discovered via a garden hose that had been stretched out and run under a fence just above a hill. Down the hill were rinds, plastic containers, bones, and a flint cutting tool. What is interesting is a sasquatch had apparently been cutting the spigot on and off, perhaps learning this trick by observing human activity. The e-book gives other examples of sasquatch intelligence and speculates on DNA findings pointing to a species of man. All in all the e-book is somewhat groundbreaking. I’ve seen one video before where someone found what they believe was a sasquatch created hand ax, and also using broken glass as a cutting tool. But there is not a lot in the way of evidence of sasquatches making tools which makes this research all the more important. The e-book has a lot of photos illustrating the finds and the scenery that is written within. Purchase at Amazon Sasquatch Tool Use: Groundbreaking Research by David A. Claerr [Kindle Edition] David Claerr (Author, Illustrator, Photographer) Kindle Price: $7.99 44 pages (estimated) carrot._V192251235_.gif Book Description Publication Date: February 2, 2015 Recent DNA sequencing of Sasquatch, also known as “Bigfoot” has revealed mitiochondrial DNA with the same configuration as modern humans. In researching areas of Central Texas, David Claerr has found very strong evidence that the Sasquatch use tools made of flint, bone, antler and wood. In this interesting and engaging account, Mr. Claerr details one of his many expeditions and the discoveries made at that time. As an additional confirmation of Mr. Claerr’s research in Texas, also in Texas a stone cutting tool was found inside the hide of a fresh deer kill very shortly after a sasquatch sighting. Typical of sasquatch kills the deer’s neck was broken. Some internal organs such as the liver had be So if an item is found in a cave for example, but it was made by something other than a human, would it still be an artifact? It does not fit the definition as stated above. What about Archaeology? It too states emphatically that he study of “human” history and prehistory through the examination and study of ancient life-ways and the left over evidence thereof. There is still a sub-genera of archaeology that studies artifacts made and used by other species; what should it be named? In Africa the study of ancient Hominoids that are possibly percurrseres to modern humans the study is referred to as The most difficult part of a naming process for “Saquatch Archaeology” Or describing what it would include, one must delve into what a Sasquatch, or was, and what exactly are the artifacts? If Sasquatch has artifacts then Sasquatch has what is called “material culture”. This was usually reserved for Humans, but we don’t know if ancient Sasquatch or modern Sasquatch were and are humans. According to the U.S. National Park Service; Material culture is not culture, but its product. Culture is socially transmitted rules for behavior, ways of thinking about and doing things. Culture—whether it is language, religion, or law—is learned and reflected in the way we shape our physical world. Material culture is usually considered to be roughly synonymous with artifacts (objects used by humans to cope with the physical world, to facilitate social interaction, and to benefit state of mind) and ecofacts (nonartifactual natural remains that provide information about human behavior, such as remnants of wild and domesticated animals and plants). Material culture may be more broadly defined as that sector of our physical environment that we modify through culturally determined behavior. The physical environment includes more than artifacts. James Deetz writes: “We can also consider cuts of meat as material culture, since there are many ways to dress an animal; plowed fields; even the horse that pulls the plow, since scientific breeding of livestock involves the conscious modification of an animal's form according to culturally derived ideals. Our body itself is a part of our physical environment, so that such things as parades, dancing, and all aspects of kinesics—human motion—fit within our definition “. . . (Deetz 1996:35-36). This definition of material culture forces us to look at archeological information in the broader framework of whole material cultural systems, which may permit sharper delineation of their corresponding cultural systems (Deetz 1996:36). Artifacts, remains of structures, artwork, historical documents, landscapes, and ephemeral social practices such as dancing and religion are all aspects of material culture produced by countless individuals who shaped past events. Although those individuals are long gone, their achievements and failures have lived on to shape our present world (Ashmore and Sharer 1996:14). Binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binominal nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system, developed by 18th Century scientists Carolus Linnaeus, for naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, binominal name or a scientific name; more informally it is also historically called a Latin name. The idea of a “semi-human” was also floating through scientific circles in the first half of the 18th century: in 1758 Carolus Linnaeus theorized that a form between man and ape existed, which he named Homo troglodytes. One of the several scientific names for Bigfoot or Sasquatch, if you prefer, is “Homo sapiens cognatus ” this nomenclature was applied to the allusive North American Ape, this name later published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The name breaks down like this Homo sapiens (Human) Cognatus (meaning blood relative, hence the lack of Bigfoot DNA issues) (Loren Coleman, 1997). All scientific nomenclatures are in Latin. Binomial Nomenclature the Latin (or Greek) names for individual species are written using a system termed "binomial nomenclature". The scientific system of naming each species of organism with a Latinized name in two parts; the first is the genus, and is written with an initial capital letter; the second is some specific epithet that distinguishes the species within the genus. By conspicuous convention, the whole name is typeset in italics as the standard rule. With a name like this Homo sapiens (Human) Cognatus (meaning blood relative) again, one can deduce why researchers keep coming up with human DNA strands when they analyze hair strands from the alleged relict hominoid, known as Bigfoot. So how many artifacts of hair, and other biological evidence, have been possibly rejected that, theoretically may have been the byproduct from the activity the alleged relict hominoid, known as Bigfoot. In Bigfoot Quest Magazine I have gone with the term set “alleged relict hominoid, known as Bigfoot”, until 100 % verification of the specific species or possible subspecies is achieved. According to Dmitri Bayanov of the International Center of Hominology, in Moscow, Russia; “Dr. Boris Porshnev, founder of Russian “hominology”, used the term relict hominoid, actually implying relict hominid in the classification generally accepted at the time he researched taxonomy. Bayanov used both terms interchangeably, always implying “hominid” in a paper he researched published in The Relict Hominoid Inquiry 1:23-50 (2012). In a presentation I attended by Dr. Jeff Meldrum in 2017, he proposed that Bigfoot field researchers should begin to incorporate the term relict hominoid, he emphasized it; “use it until it rolls off the tongue” in place of, or in conjunction with the popular name Bigfoot, I suspect this is to add a scientific continuity. Dr. Meldrum asked the audience “What’s in a name?” and the answer for me is uniformity and clarity in the realm of the quest. “Various scientific names have been proposed for the animals known as Bigfoot and Sasquatch. One of the fullest discussions of this topic can be found in Grover Krantz's Big Footprints (Boulder: Johnson, 1992), on pages 193-196. What Krantz points out is simple. He notes that if he is right about his theories of what Bigfoot represents and what is evidenced in the fossil record, no new name is needed. What Krantz thinks and has formally written since 1986, is that "we in fact have footprints of Gigantopithecus blacki here in North America." If in fact it is a different species of this genus, then Krantz would name it Gigantopithecus Canadensis. As Grover Krantz notes on page 194, canadensis "is a commonly used zoological name for species that are native to northern North America." (Loren Coleman, 1997) From our Canadian neighbors to the north we have incorporated the name "Sasquatch," This term was first coined by early Bigfoot researcher J. W. Burns in the 1920s, a teacher by trade, Burns collected “wild hairy giant stories” from the First Nation (synonymous with Native American or American Indians of the species homo sapiens) group the Chehalis Indians. Burns had, as far as I can determine, created the term "Sasquatch" to combine a conglomerate of similar “Native” Canadians' names, but based mostly on the Halkomelem word sásq’ets, or “wild man.” Sasquatch (pronounced- ‘sas-"kwäch) (a teacher got this from the study of the First Nation Salishan language of southwestern British Columbia) : Bigfoot is considered, by most of the general public a mythological or crypto, and not an alleged American relict hominid primate, by the vast majority of Americans surveyed. In colleges and Universities the Bigfoot, the survey concluded that Bigfoot is considered less likely to exist than the Loch Ness Monster, or Nessie (a creature in Scottish folklore that is said to inhabit Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands), or the Vampire Dracula (Vlad the Impaler in Romanian historiography) but more highly believable than leprechauns and or trolls. Last year I wrote an article about my Calico Early Man Site theory, I think it is really the Calico Early Bigfoot Site. There are quite possibly several pre-human archaeology sites in the New World where Bigfoot was making and using stone tools. The story of the first humans in north America is constantly changing. When I went to college I learned the first humans came into North America over a land bridge from Siberia about 13,000 years ago, these humans were known as Clovis people. Many scientists have found stone tool artifacts in north America much older, some have speculated site like The Calico Early Man Site in California is closer to 200,000 years old. So iof humans were not her then whom made these crude stone tools? It was, in my opinion, an ancient Sasquatch I call Squatchopithicus. . In my theoretical model Squatchopithicus was the first Hominoid stone tool maker and user in the Americas. Squatchopithicus has theoretically been using primary unaltered, very tough lithic material to craft comparatively crude appearing but highly effective stone tools. For over 200,000 years several varieties of Hominoid may have roamed the Americas, one of these was Squatchothicus. Often described as a very large hair covered primate, more human than animal in appearance and walking technique, being “bi-pedal” or walking on its’ hind legs. According to Dr. Jeff Meldrum, based on witness data, “Sasquatch” range in size from 4 feet tall to nearly 14 feet in height, with an average being 7.5 feet. Researcher John Green reported footprints up to 17 inches long in 1967. I speculate that the Pleistocene mega fauna Sasquatch; Squatchopithicus may have been much larger to contend with the harsh environmental challenges of the time, much like the giant wooly mammoth and giant ground sloth and so on. THE “OH MAH” OF WILLOW CREEK By Ray Harwood Oh Mah also spelled O-Mah or U-Mah, a word from the Yurok Tribe language for a hair covered boss of the mountains, and it is a Sasquatch or Bigfoot like entity. Oh Mah is said to roam the moonlit shadows of the great north woods near Willow Creek. Often described as a very large hair covered primate, more human than animal in appearance and walking technique, being “bi-pedal” or walking on its’ hind legs. According to Dr. Jeff Meldrum, based on witness data, Oh Mah range in size from 4 feet tall to nearly 14 feet in height, with an average being 7.5 feet. Researcher John Green reported footprints up to 17 inches long. Oh Mah’s hair is said to be as long as four inches over the head and shoulder area and rather sort on the back area except for down the center of spine and the buttock cheeks. The leg hair is more in the two inch length range an there is no hair on the bottom of the feet. When the Oh Mah gets disgruntled the hair has been reported to bristle and cause hackles or “stand on end” something scientists call piloerection. In the Patterson-Gimlin film this can be seen if you look close enough at the hair on that goes up the spine, shoulders and head. Agitated chimpanzees often exhibit hair bristling and hackles (piloerection) and I have observed this in zoos myself. According to Dr. Jeff Meldrum, based on witness data, Oh Mah hair color is about 50% black or very dark (other sources relate this color to adolescence), 25 % are brown, 15 % were light (perhaps blonde or albino) 8% were gray (probably old). Albinism is a rare recessive gene that causes an absence of pigment and results in a beautiful snow white coat of hair or fur, pink or white skin and pink to blue eyes. Approximately one in 18,000 people in America have some sort of albinism. In populations that have high numbers of inbreeding the number of albinos are higher. An albino gorilla named Snow-flake was kept in the Barcelona zoo in Spain from 1964 to 2003. Some animals turn white in the winter, such as the arctic fox, Yeti and Snowshoe hare, but have pigment the rest of the year. Oh Mah has limited facial hair with dark leathery skin on the bare face and smallish eyes with heavy eye brow ridges, large jaw, wide nose, and conical head from boney sagittal crest down the rear center of the skull. Oh Mah forages for food within the primeval canyons of the coastal ranges and deep rain forests thereof. Oh Mah is said be a wise king of the mountains but sometime a river devil, Oh Mah. Like the rest of us, have various temperaments moods and personalities. According to researcher and tracker, Todd Standing, this type of hominid is rarely solitary but rather lives in small social units such as the nuclear family. The nuclear family in this case appears to be a male, a female and their dependent children, offspring apparently leave the family unit at maturity. Tribal elders have stated that Oh Mah has been known to, or described as, making use of poisoned arrows, in some historic Native American cultures arrowheads made of red obsidian are said to have a ritual poison attribute. In the movie Primal Rage, Oh Mah is depicted killing humans with arrows tipped with stone arrowheads. This would be similar to the tribal myths and legends of the Sasquatch like entity of the same name. Oh Mah may hibernate in extra cold winters. Oh-Mah is said to build branch structures, has a large rump from walking on two legs with immense weight, active at night, makes stick art, big feet, long body hair, a heavy jaw and heavy boned skull crest and uses rocks and sticks sounding, for tools, weapons and projectiles. Oh Mah has large flat feet that bend in different than the human foot bends, this is called the midtarsal break and is a distinguishing attribute of Oh Mah’s foot prints. Legend speaks of poison arrow use and fishing with poison tubers. In the tribal myths and legends Oh Mah is said to have used the soap root plant (amole “saponins” or Chloroglum ) to poison fish in the water ways, as a method of catching them for food. The Soap root poisoned fish are edible for humans and Oh Mah. Fish poisoned with Soap root is caused by a substance that comes out of the plant, it contains toxins that clog the gills and stupefy the fish. The plant is perennial with beautiful six pedal flowers. Humans and Oh-Mah are said to use, and have used, the white elongated root bulb as soap for washing but also to catch fish in the manner described above. Oh Maha have been observed bathing and are known to swim in the dog paddle method. According to Dr. Jeff Meldrum, based on witness data, collected by researcher John Green; only 14% 
these alleged encounters stated that Oh Mah had a strong or bad smell. This could be because they swim bath and are known to use the soap root to lather up. The strong “sweet Musky” smell, that is sometimes described, may be seasonal, from scent glands. According to Bobbie Short on the Bigfoot Encounters web site; This entity is parently referred to as “Tintah-K’iwungxoya’n” by tribal elders and R ac ne oomah ah: “U’ma’a also means a kind of sorcerer and his bundle of poisoned arrows, which is ancient usage as defined by the late Don Davis, who was once quoted as saying to Bobbie Short: “ The Yurok tribe and Hoopa tribe of Northern California have known for a very long time about the strange hairy man-like giants they called Oh-Ohmah” Don Davis is credited with the famous line “I was wondering when the white man was going to get around to asking about Oh Mah”. (bigfootencounters.com ) According to chainsaw artist Basho Watson Parks; the Oh Mah Statue is the mascot of the town of Willow Creek. The Oh Mah statue is on the corner of Highways 96 & 299, is one of the historic Bigfoot landmarks in the area. The carving is named for the local Native American language for the Bigfoot. The Oh Mah statue was carved out of a dead redwood tree by a onetime wood carving artist; Jim McClarin. The carving is famous among chainsaw art pieces, but according to its maker, Jim McClarin, “no chainsaw was used on the sculpture but rather chisels and a large axe”. (Photo series of Jim McClarin from 1967 courtesy of Dustin Severs) Jim McClarin was a Humboldt State Student, whom started carving the art piece in 1967 and finished it up 1969. He was actually said to be working on the carving it on the day of the famous Patterson-Gimlin Bluff Creek Bigfoot encounter and filming and Jim confirmed this with me. “It it was a redwood tree growing across the river planted 100 years or so earlier but dying from a beetle infestation probably due to living outside its natural moisture habitat I don't know how it was moved by or by whom I wouldn't be surprised if a big nylon strap was put around it and it was lifted and carried via backhoe.” (bigfootencounters.com) my statue never had a club unless some wag placed one in his left hand for a photo never seen such a photo I'm not surprised about people's reaction to the Statue because they were the same way I was carving it I don't recall the man's name who felled the tree and brought it over on his “lowboy” truck trailer a logging contractor no doubt commissioned by Al Hodgson owner and operator of the Variety Store, elder statesman and well-known historian of Willow Creek, and Jim I used to go into the Variety store quite often and Al Hodgson and I became good friends. He invited me to Christmas dinner with his family and we also went outings together on occasion. Al Hodgson commissioned a lowboy is a semi-trailer with two drops in deck height: one right after the gooseneck and one right before the wheels. This allows the deck to be extremely low compared with standard trailers. It has the ability to carry legal loads up to 12 foot tall. Lowboys are usually used to haul heavy equipment such as bulldozers but worked very well for the massive log that ultimately became Oh Mah. According to Jim McClarin the carving took place across the street from where it now stands. “I never regretted starting the statue but I feel like mildly guilty about neglecting it as I sought to raise interest in a capture Expedition so I carved the Oh Mah statue to show what I thought Bigfoot would look like at the time., I fashioned the Oh Mah statue from images inspired by Albert Ostman’s alleged British Columbia Bigfoot encounter of 1924. After seeing what I consider the real animal, in the Patterson Gimlin film, I'd lose the curly bangs if I carved it again! ALBERT OSTAMAN I began the statue in summer of 1967 and had come up from Arcata to work on it. I stayed in an abandoned house while I was in town over the weekends, I was working on it on the very day Patterson shot his film I didn't come back to finish it until 1969 although I'd say it took me less than three months’ worth of 8-hour days though I can't recall if I really put in 40 hour weeks oh yeah I carve the statue in the rest stop across the street from where it is now where it stood until night till 2003 in the newspaper the Times Standard Thursday July 27th 1967 there was an article called Willow Creek's own bootstrap task “will be dedicated Sunday dedication of 22 do it projects commenced a month ago and will be held Sunday at the site of the new roadside rest next door to the forks union service station in downtown Willow Creek dedication speaker will be supervisor guy rusher the first two projects is the roadside rest where the dedication ceremony will take place the second a safe swimming pool in nearby Willow Creek statue of Bigfoot inaugurated by a booster Committee of the Willow Creek Chamber of Commerce the project is still underway to be completed soon Humboldt State College student gym McLaren is donating time and talent in the scalping of a huge statue of Bigfoot from a 14 ft tall Redwood log he is he is painting eight 4 by 8 ft plywood sheets into a useful directory of the Hoopa Willow Creek area booster committee is made up of Jim Loucks chairman Tom Jackson Al Hodgson and Glenn North they intend to add antique logging and mining equipment on display at the site labor and Equipment have been either donated to the project or at least to the project for a token sum participating were Carl Fork use of site to drainage culverts Willow Creek Community Services District require permits and some Culvert ditching state division of Highways use of a greater for leveling and a lowboy to bring the Redwood log to the site little twig Logging Company greater operator Greg Logging Company gravel the Brouard company hauling and spreading gravel Martin Raider excavations Peter Kors was provided by Roslyn veneer assembling picnic tables and pouring the concrete base for the statue Bigfoot Queen candidates that year were Jennifer Patton and Laura McCovey use of a house for a workshop was Mr. And Mrs. Adam Braun ham the redwood tree was furnished by the lazy T ranch falling redwood tree utility Tree Service of Eureka tow truck and operator to load log Joe Chilton and Ozzy boo cell.” (The Times Standard July 27 1967) Jim McClarin Interview: I was so fascinated by the Bigfoot subject that I chose Humboldt State College (now university) to continue my education because it was close to "Bigfoot Country." I soon realized that there was little public agreement as to what Bigfoot might look like. One very talented artist carved a redwood Bigfoot that was a giant Native American in a loincloth, not at all what alleged eyewitnesses were reporting. I decided, even with hardly any wood carving experience that I could do a better impression based on those accounts. I think I approached the Willow Creek Chamber of Commerce first with my suggestion of carving a redwood log into a better impression of Bigfoot, then began carving a much smaller redwood trunk to show what I had in mind. I asked for no payment. I simply wanted to show people something I thought was more realistic. The chamber was enthused and soon came up with a log for me. It was a redwood that had been planted in Willow Creek about 100 years earlier but had become infested with beetles and needed to be cut down. It was transported to the spot the chamber suggested, was slabbed front and back with a chainsaw, and stood up on a concrete pad that someone had made at that site. This was across the highway from where it now stands. The chamber also found a vacant house for me to stay in that first summer and set up an account I could use at the grocery store for food. I first drew an outline of the figure on the slab face, then began roughing it out with an ax. I had bought some large lathe chisels that I used on most of the body and had a cheap set of small chisels for the detail work. I came up with an idea to earn a very modest amount of money by autographing and selling the larger wood chips for 50 cents. The project got an enormous amount of publicity. People told me they had read about it in Vietnam and Australia. The Los Angeles Times did a feature story with photo. I stayed in Willow Creek until classes began in the fall, then came up on weekends to continue working on the statue. That's how I came to be in Willow Creek the day after Al Hodgson at the Willow Creek Variety Store was told by Roger Patterson about the bluff Creek filming. The film caused me to drop all work on the statue. One hand and arm remained unfinished. It stayed that way until I agreed to come back and finish the job in 1969. I should mention that, had I begun the carving at a later date, I would have dropped the up-curled bangs that Ivan Sanderson had drawn after interviewing Albert Ostman about his claimed abduction by a Sasquatch. Most people interpreted the bangs as a grotesquely massive brow ridge. (Jim McClarin personal communication 2022) One story that remains vivid in my mind is; since I was a long-haired, bearded, hitchhiking, hippy-looking college student, I was immediately challenged by a local sheriff's deputy as to my ID, where I came from, and reason for hanging around Willow Creek. That little incident was the only example I recall of not feeling welcomed by the community. In fact; Bigfoot research pioneer, John Green filmed a 1968 recreation of the Patterson Gimlin film on-site at Bluff Creek, featuring none other than, 6.5 foot tall, wood carving artist, Jim McClarin walking in a more or less the same fashion and track-way as the Patty the Bigfoot did in the 1967 film 8 months before this experiment. I never met Bob Gimlin until after the filming but knew Roger Patterson and was very familiar with Al Hodgson since the variety store was near where I was carving the statue and we had a common interest in Bigfoot. I was working on the statue on Christmas Day, 1969 when Al swung by and invited me to Christmas dinner with his family. I had been corresponding with Roger Patterson before the Patterson/ Gimlin encounter at Bluff Creek; I hitchhiked up to Yakima to visit him on my spring break earlier that year. Although he had Hodgkin's disease, he was still in very good shape. He took a small mountain of vitamins and supplements daily. He did a one-armed pullup to demonstrate what great shape he was in. He was very animated in describing some of the sighting reports from the apple orchards and Sagebrush Country of eastern Washington. Of course, due to Roger’s Oklahoma cowboy accent, he reminded me of a used car salesman and a shady horse trader I had once known. That was the only time I saw him until after the filming at Bluff Creek. I had no knowledge he was in the Bluff Creek area until Al Hodgson informed me the day after the world famous Bluff Creek encounter of October 20th 1967. I saw the footprints others had found but never found any myself only the film site tracks were unequivocally either Bigfoot or an extremely clever hoax I lean strongly to the former. I think it was a real creature. John Green and I went up 9 days later and saw the track way and the tracks were still visible, there was fragments of the plaster from where Bob Titmus had poured casting plaster in some of the prints to make the famous castings (Jim McClarin personal communication 2022) Thank you to Jim McClarin, Basho Watson Parks, Dustin Severs, Dr. Jeff Meldrum, Steven Struefert and Todd Standing for their kind patience and generosity of information exchange. Willow Creek; the Movie, the Myth, the Legend By Ray Harwood Willow Creek the town is considered the Mecca of the Bigfoot world and Willow Creek, the movie is considered one of the films in the Bigfoot genre that is one of in the ‘must see” films. The movie and has achieved a sort of cult classic status among members of the Bigfoot community. Willow Creek, the movie is Writer-director Bobcat Goldthwait's first foray into the horror film genre. The film site locations for this movie are almost as sought after as the Patterson-Gimlin film location itself. The first scenes of the film, I actually thought it was a real couple doing a funny vacation Vlog, it was not until well into the film that I figured out it was a movie with two actors were just playing the part Vloggers on a vacation at Willow creek. This film type is known as “Found footage” and is a film genre in which the content is presented as if it were some sort of lost and rediscovered film footage of an amateur video recording. According to Wikipedia this film type, or sub-genre that is known as “Found footage”, is characterized by: “The events on screen are typically seen through the camera of one or more of the characters involved, often accompanied by their real-time, off-camera commentary. For added realism, the cinematography may be done by the actors themselves as they perform, and shaky camera work and naturalistic acting are routinely employed. The footage may be presented as if it were "raw" and complete or as if it had been edited into a narrative by those who "found" it. The film starts with a POV image of some weeds, the camera seems have been left on the ground and as viewers we are picking it up off the ground; it is still running and filming as it sits in the weeds. The camera is played back as if we as viewers are participating in the act. As the footage on the found camera is played back, the audience sees a young man attempting to connect a microphone to the camera and there is no sound, suddenly there is a sharp feedback squeal and the audio commences with a young couple filming themselves driving along a sunny Route 96 in the Trinity National Forest, also known as the Bigfoot Byway, in a pine forest. They arrive at the Bluff Creek river access and scenic overlook and pull over to sight see and film in front of the iconic sign. “The Shasta-Trinity National Forest (part of the Pacific Southwest Region) is located in the central part of Northern California between the interior Coast Range on the west and the Cascade Range on the east. Elevations range from 1,000 feet along the southern and eastern edges of the Forest to 14,162 feet at the summit of Mt. Shasta. The Shasta National Forest was established in 1905 and the Trinity National Forest in 1907 by proclamations of President Theodore Roosevelt. The two Forests were combined into one administrative unit in 1954.” (stateparks.com). The young leading man in the film is named Jim Kessel (played by Bryce Johnson) and his girlfriend is named Kelly Montilion in the movie whom is played by actress Alexie Gilmore. The character of Kelly is an actress wanting to move to L.A. to start a carrer in Hollywood and the couple is simply vacationing are visiting Willow Creek for Jim’s birthday celebration, this to fulfil his dream to do a video blog on the Willow Creek-Bluff Creek area and its famous Bigfoot history and mythology, including the Patterson Gilmlin Film Site of 1967. Kelly does not believe in Bigfoot but Jim does, so they argue and debate the issue as they drive along, Kelly behind the wheel. After the couple arrives in town, Jim interviews various Willow Creek locals whom they encounter as they are exploring the area and interview them concerning their Bigfoot knowledge or experiences. “Kelly girlfriend (Alexie Gilmore) is an American actress born in Mnhatten in 1967who starred in New Amsterdam as Dr. Sara Dillane. She is featured in Definitely, Maybe and co-starred in Surfer, Dude. Alexie also played the part of Kelly in Willow Creek. She played Devon Atwood in three episodes of CSI: Cyber as the wife of character Elijah Mundo. Alexie's other credits include 90210 and Legends. Alexie has appeared in 22 movies and 29 TV shows as of 2017.” (Wikipedia) Jim boyfriend (Bryce Johnson) is an American actress born in Sioux City Iowa in 1977. In 2001 Bryce landed some minor guest roles on TV shows including Dawson's Creek, Gilmore Girls and went on to appear in 23 different TV series . His first movie was called Puzzled and he went on to appear in 23 more with 23 in the show Pretty Little Liars and 43 episodes of Popular. The characters of Jim and his girlfriend Kelly are filmed visiting Willow Creek area Chainsaw art statuary and posing with it for their Vlog and interview the lady from the China Flat Bigfoot Museum are posted in many areas, the couple shops at the many Bigfoot souvenir shops overflowing with Bigfoot tee-shirts and knickknacks and then the icing on the cake; they visit the amazing Bigfoot Museum, Bigfoot Motel and of course delicious Bigfoot Burgers food stop “Early Bird Restaurant. The Early Bird Restaurant is the home of the world famous and delicious “Bigfoot Burger”, shaped like a large barefoot, and made with freshly baked barefoot shaped bread. The couple has a good time filming the Bigfoot themed murals on the walls of the dining area. Just before they leave the Early Bird Restaurant they notice a missing person notice on the wall with a woman’s photo on it and joke about it a bit, of course karma eventually punishes them for this callus act. Harwood,01/01/22). ‘The Early Bird restaurant, which sits east of Willow Creek along Hwy 299, is the "Home of the Bigfoot Burger." For decades they've baked special, foot-shaped French bread buns each morning to serve up their sandwich specialty. According to the menu it's "two patties, cheese 3 slices of bacon, served on a homemade French foot, piled with all the fixings." The outside signs promote the Bigfoot Burger, and also that "Ammunition" is available for purchase and the girl laughs about this in the movie.(this is, after all, Bigfoot country). Inside, the Bigfoot theme is expanded in a wall mural -- but it's a trippy Bigfoot, shown skipping across rocks and holding a bunch of daisies, while another Bigfoot heats coffee and doughnuts over a campfire. It's as if they don't take Bigfoot seriously at all”. (www.roadsideamerica.com). The Early Bird: Restaurant Address: 40640 Hwy 2 9 9 , W i l l o w C r e e k , CA Directions: About 1.5 miles SE From Willow Creek on the west It is on the side of the road on Hwy 299. Hours: Daily: (Currently closed) The couple visit the Community Building Bigfoot Mural there Willow Creek, California and joke in “caveman type talk”; “no wonder Bigfoot hides, they have him as a day laborer!” “Bigfoot no want to work” and so on. According to the field research of www.roadsideamerica.com: “In 2009, Humboldt County artist Duane Flatmo created a fanciful panoramic mural that runs the length of the Willow Creek Ace Hardware building. The owner of the new building had it constructed with space for a mural in mind. It depicts the area's Bigfoot community and human community over time -- a hulking but friendly creature hard at work alongside early native peoples, pioneers, farmers and more. Bigfoot is shown chopping a tree with an ax (to help a lumberjack), then pushing a wheelbarrow of potted plants (to assist a gardener). Later, the inexhaustible mountain monster is seen helping erect a house. Bigfoot hardware store mural. The whole thing is rendered in a crisp style reminiscent of the colorful, pastoral WPA murals of the 1930s. It's 14 ft. high and runs 167 ft. along the side of the building facing SR 299. Visitors may find it hard to get in one photo (possible from a parking lot across the street), and should be extremely cautious if crossing the highway on foot to get closer.” “Jim and his girlfriend Kelly tour the infamous Willow Creek, the alleged home of the original Bigfoot legend - the tale of huge ape like creatures that roam the forests of North America. It was there that in 1967, the legendary beast was captured on film and has terrified and mystified generations since. Keen to explore more than 50 years of truth, folklore, misidentifications and hoaxes, Kelly goes along for the ride to keep Jim happy, whilst he is determined to prove the story is real by capturing the beast on camera. Deep in the dark and silent woods, isolated and hours from human contact, neither Kelly nor Jim are prepared for what is hidden between the trees and what happens when the cameras start rolling...” —Kaleidoscope Film Distribution The next scene in the movie finds Jim and Kelly on their way over to Steven Streufert ‘s ‘Bigfoot Books”, an iconic land mark, not only known for its vast array of rare publications, but also known for its historic role as sot of an expedition staging area for those seeking area Bigfoot or to those Bigfoot enthusiasts on pilgrimage to the alleged Patterson Gimlin film site location in nearby Bluff Creek. Steven Streufert play’s himself in the film and does a great job of it. The 1967 Roger Patterson and Bob Gimlin film from the Bluff Creek/ Willow Creek area spawned a scat load of conspiracy theories, deep hidden mysteries and elaborate cover-ups. Not to minimize the importance and immensity of the highly emotionally charged cerebral, theoretical, analytical highly controversial focal point of debates, so the infamous film sire draws quite a large number of tourists. Steven Streufert, originally from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is one of the most recognizable names and persona in the Bigfoot community and Bigfoot related social media platforms. Steven is a professional Bookseller, owner of the world famous Bigfoot Books (since 1999) in the heart of Bigfoot country, Willow Creek, California. A true antiquarian-bookman, that has a vast knowledge of Bigfoot, as well as specializing in Counter-Culture, History, Literature, Occult, Oriental Culture, Philosophy, Poetics, and Theology. Before moving to Steven's current city of Willow Creek, CA, Steven lived in Arcata CA and he Studied Literature at University of California, Santa Cruz and Philosophy at Santa Barbara City College. He has is one of the original members of the immortal Bluff Creek Project and has appeared in several Bigfoot films. The Bluff Creek Project is a volunteer project initially formed to locate the original Patterson-Gimlin Bigfoot film site, Steven Streufert was one of those that volunteered his time, they began researching the Bluff Creek area in 2009 and during the summer of 2011, they made an amazing discovery, The Bluff Creek Project volunteer successfully located the original location of the Patterson-Gimlin Bigfoot film site (see also The Bluff Creek Film Project of 2018). This has been an enormous contribution to the Bigfoot research community and prompting a large number of peer reviewed professional papers, articles, books , TV programs and YouTube films (Harwood,01/01/22). The Bluff Creek Project (ASIN: B09P22SNDW), is a new book by Bigfoot scholar and researcher Robert Leiterman (the Bigfoot advisor on the Willow Creek film) with Jamie Schmaat and Rowdy Kelly. The new book details years of intense research. I contacted Jamie Schmaat on the Facebook page of the Bluff Creek Project but I have not heard back from him as of yet. “This book is less about Bigfoot and more about the people who search for it. Leiterman's text is a massive tome that covers the efforts of a small group to locate and document the location in Northern California where Roger Patterson and Bob Gimlin shot their famous 1967 footage of a Bigfoot creature at Bluff Creek” (Travis D. Mchenry, 12/22/21).(See film: https://youtu.be/MH2XOW85_zI) Steven Streufert’s Bigfoot Books is an open general stock used bookstore 1.5 miles east of downtown Willow Creek and undoubtedly stocks Leiterman's book but according to the owner Steve, the store has been closed down for two years because of Covit 19 and he sells mail order only for the time being. “I am a professional bookman and bookseller residing Northern California. An avid book scout, I keep an active wants list if what you\'re looking for is not currently available. I\'ve had years of experience in the world of antiquarian, rare and used books, especially at Eureka/Ferndale Books, with Mr. Jere Bob Bowden, bookman extraordinaire. I have also done time at Arcata Books, Chaucer\'s Books in Santa Barbara, and Best Price Books in Albuquerque, as well as countless hours in libraries. I have also been the on-line catalogue writer/researcher at Tin Can Mailman Used Books in Arcata. All books are described as thoroughly and accurately as possible, according to A.B. & I.O.B.A. standards; packed and shipped with tender, loving care.’(Biblio 2002). In the next scene of the movie, Jim and Kelly pull the car into the parking lot of the historic The Bigfoot Hotel, get out of the car and walk over the famous“Oh Mah Statue”, on the corner of Highways 96 & 299, carved out of a dead redwood tree by chainsaw artist by the name of Jim McClarin, a Humboldt State Student, whom carved it from1967 to 1969. He was actually carving it on the day of the Patterson-Gimlin Bluff Creek Bigfoot encounter. Bigfoot research pioneer, John Green filmed a 1968 recreation of the PGF on-site at Bluff Creek, featuring none other than, 6.5 foot tall, chain saw artist, Jim McClarin walking in a more or less the same fashion and track-way as the Patty the Bigfoot did in the 1967 in the Patterson-Gimlin film 8 months before this experiment. (See films here: ttps://youtu.be/6y-Mc0yc72o and https://youtu.be/r97G-nugi9w) “The first trip McClarin did to the PGF site was November 1967 with Richard Henry, and then once they could get in after the winter he went there in June 1968 with John Green. The first trip was local, via Jeep, up the old dirt road along Bluff Creek. McClarin said a few days ago that the 2nd trip involved John Green in a Volkswagen van, coming down from Canada. The pilot was involved in the late August 1967 trip to see the Blue Creek Mountain tracks.”(Steven Streufert 2013) The Willow Creek - China Flat Museum was started in 1988, for preserving history pertaining to the eastern part of Humboldt County and the western portion of Trinity County. Including Bigfoot foot print casts, Bigfoot pictures, maps, and other papers exhibited in a building specifically built to house this collection. The upstairs of this Bigfoot Collection building houses a research center that has items pertaining to Humboldt County and Trinity County. The museum shop has a plethora of books and Bigfoot souvenirs. In the left front of the new wing, which houses the Bigfoot collection is guarded by a massive redwood sculpture of Bigfoot that looms about twenty-five feet tall, a day watch sentinel over the parking lot. I called the museum several time but it was closed, I watched a video tour made by Steven Streufert’s Bigfoot Books for Youtube, and he commented in the film that he was unaware of the chainsaw artist who fashioned the massive statue. I put out a posting on social media and a lady commented that a chainsaw artist named Courtney Workman carved the 25 foot tall mammoth Bigfoot, but as I said, I could had no luck fact checking it, if you know please email me. In the Willow Creek film the China Flat Bigfoot Museum is referred to as the Al Hodgson Museum, Al was a member of the Willow Creek-China Flat Museum he was the guy who made the famed ‘Bigfoot Collection’ wing happen, thus securing the collection for researchers for years to come. The Family moved to the Willow Creek area and in 1934 and purchased what is now known as Hodgson Hill. Al Hodgson then served 5 years in the Navy. Al was stationed at San Diego Naval Air Station and later served on the USS Kenneth Whiting. After getting out of the Navy and living back east a bit, they moved to Arcata area of Humboldt County. After the birth of their first son Mike, in the early 1950s, they decided to build a house on property given to them by Al’s parents on the Hodgson Ranch in the Willow Creek area. The Willow Creek Community Services District honored Al in 2008 by naming the new water treatment facility after him. Al and his wife Frances were active in their church and spend many happy moments with their extended family he Willow Creek Bible Church. Albert “Al” E. Hodgson, the grand elder statesman and well-known historian of Willow Creek, California’s Bigfoot community, died Easter morning, April 1, 2018. Hodgson was 94 years old. (Times-Standard and L Coleman 4/2/18 cryptozoonews.com) Willow Creek - China Flat Museum (Closed: The Museum is closed November through April except by appointment) Keep in mind possible Covit19 closures when planning trips. Before visiting check status by calling (530) 629-2653 38949 CA-299 Willow Creek, CA 95573 Phone: (530) 629-2653 In the Movie and are staying at the world famous Bigfoot Motel, yes it is a real place and historically where Bigfoot researchers from all over the world stay when they squatch hunt in the Willow Creek area. The iconic motel has a look and feel of a good old road trip motrel from the 1970s or something, really cool vibe and you can feel the history and excitement of pending Bigfoot expeditions. The rooms are paneled in natural wood like an old time cabin, a real woodsy feel. When I was the it had a few character marks and a bit of the history had out a bit of ageing on it, but that was part of the ambience. The heater worked great, no bed bugs were detected to speak of and it is in the center of Willow Creek, so you can have a blast walking around town and the parking is free. In the movie did not focus a lot on the Motel as it had a family friendly rating. The Bigfoot Motel http://www.bigfootmotel.com: Phone number (530) 629- 39039 Highway 299 Willow Creek, CA 95573 Spoiler alert, here is the end of the movie, so don’t read on if you do not want to know the ending. Jim and Kelly have their tent and camp ravaged while Jim is swimming naked in a fishing hole in Bluff Creek. They re-pitch the tent and Jim proposes marriage to Kelly but she is not going for it, they decide to move in with each other when they get to LA and that causes them to decide to mate, so they turn off the camera. In the middle of the night Bigfoot make a lot of noise and throws rocks at the tent waking them up from slumber, very scary. They sit with a flashlight on, as all kinds of “Bigfootery” ensues and horrifying noises transpire just outside the tent. The next morning they back up early and hit the trail back to the car. One the way they find some Bigfoot hair clinging on a stump, more Bigfootery ensues again, the couple gets stressed out and they are hopelessly lost and begin to panic; they eventually realize that they have been walking in a circle around the Bluff Creek wilderness when 3 hours later they arrive at the same stump where they found the Bigfoot hair. The shrubbery and undergrowth is quite thick, the whoop and rock throwing noises continue and the couple is exhausted and emotions are running high. Darkness falls again and with it a rising evil and devilish presence. Howells, tree knocks and vicious growls fill the night. Finally the grand final The Savage beast, presumably the alleged relict hominoid known as Bigfoot, is never seen; like in most real life alleged Bigfoot encounters. Some movie critics tend to find movies that never show the monster, beast or entity more scary, this because the viewers’ imagination takes over and perceives the threat as more monstrous than a man in a gorilla suit and fake looking CGI could muster. “During the night, Jim and Kelly encounter a naked woman who was on the missing person poster from Willow Creek. She's gone insane and was taken as a "Forest Bride", and is imitating the noises of the beings in the forest. An unseen creature attacks them, killing Jim and moving on to Kelly whose cries for help are heard in the distance as she is taken to be another Forest Bride. The movie ends with three whooping vocalizations also heard in the distance.” (Wikipedia). After viewing this fun and eventually bloodcurdling feature the rating for Willow Creek;: Is as such: This movie has adult content; brief nudity, implied sex, implied violence,; The first part is like an enjoyable video blog and the last part keeps you at the edge of your seat. The rating from Bigfoot Quest Magazine rates it for a 5 out 5 for Bigfoot related information and quality of program even though it is not a documentary but sort of a horror film, it was meant to scare the scat out of Squatch, and it does! 5 Bigfoot stars out of 5 possible, Willow Creek is highly recommended for mature adults with some idle time on their hands. This is a good film for planning your next Willow Creek vacation for sure. I was declined, quite rudely, when I tried to get get permission to publish some of the lyrics to the purposely horrable song played in the movies but here pretty bad song they did not make it in the movie but it is in a similar vein: Bluff Creek Bigfoot Blues By Hank Ray Patterson and Gimlin a riden on their haus They saw Patty the Bigfoot and Patterson got tossed But Bob Patterson had his camera in hand And he filmed the bigfoot walk across the land It’s the Patterson and Gimlin Bluff Creek Bigfoot Blues Al Hodgson and John green were eaten beans When Roger Patterson said guess what we seen A bigfoot with big boobs and a big but too They talked about it as they ate their stew It’s the Bluff Creek Bigfoot Blues Bob Titmus put plaster in the trax Al Hodson put them in the museum nothing but the fax Patterson and Gimlin who will fill their shoes? They rode horses all week, they paid their dews It’s the Bluff Creek Bigfoot Blues In 1959 world renounced paleontologist, mentor to famous primatologist Jane Goodall, Goodall is in the photo with Dr. Meldrum, was convinced Bigfoot was a real possibility. Dr. Leaky was household name in the 1960s, Louis Leakey, whose work was important in demonstrating that humans evolved in Africa, particularly through discoveries made at Olduvai Gorge with his wife, fellow paleo-anthropologist Mary Leakey, while working on research projects at the British Museum of Natural History in London, received a visit from American Archaeologist and friend to Clay Singer and I, Ruth DeEtte Simpson, an archaeologist from California. Simpson had brought samples of what looked like ancient flint scraping tools from a site in the Calico Hills of the Mojave Desert there in Southern California and showed them to Dr. Leakey. The geologist Vance Haynes was famous for being highly critical of the concept of pre-Clovis archaeology. Haynes had made three visits to the Calico site in 1973 and had claimed that the artifacts of Leakey were naturally formed geo-facts. According to Haynes, the “geofacts” were formed by stones becoming fractured in an ancient river on the site; anyone whom has spent any amount of time in experimentally flintknapping these flint hand axes doubts his conclusion. --Calico Flint Stone Tools- Louis Leakey continued to visit the site several times a year and was connected with the project until his death in 1972. The site was taken over by California's Bureau of Land Management and was opened to the public. Even though Dr, Leaky was showered with accolades from the leftist elite academic community; Awards:Hubbard Medal (1962), Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal (1968), Prestwich Medal (1969), his work at Calico stained his image. Dr. Leaky was the bee’s knees of archaeology at the time, almost weekly you could see him on some PBS television special, most commonly National Geographic specials. Mary and Louis Leakey found the fragments of the first Homo-habilis fossils discovered at Olduvai Gorge, Africa, in the early 1960s. They included two parietal (skull) bones and the lower jaw of a child. So you can see it was momentous for Dr. Leaky to give his seal of authenticity to the Calico site. The term Homo habilis means “the handy man”, and that’s because, along with the fossilized hominid remains, Olduvai Gorge archaeological sites revealed hundreds of flint knapped stone tools, many looked very similar to some of the Calico-Squatchopithicus artifacts. Indeed, “Olduwan” technology –refers to the earliest, or oldest, known flint stone tool technology of the ancient world. Homo habilis is speculated to have lived about 2-million years ago, and occupied in the part of Africa now referred to by academia as the Cradle of Humankind. The stone tools from Olduwan technology have a variety of flake scars; some have the classic earmarks of human flake removal morphology and some do not attributes. The alleged Bigfoot stone tools I have collected are anomalous in this respect, they retain fewer earmarks of human flake removal morphology, this is of course because they are not made by humans, this makes it highly unlikely they were made by modern knappers in the primitive skills wilderness survival mode or outright hoaxers. The stone tool study of the “lithic paradigm” of archaeology certainly does not mingle well with these tools. The alleged Squatchopithicus (Bigfoot) tools, nor the stone tools from Olduwan would be recognized as such by the majority of archaeologists, lithic-technologists or todays flintknapping community. Most modern hobby flintknappers make their flint arrowheads and knives using the help of modern rock hound and lapidary equipment, modernized grinders and electric diamond rock saws. These modern lapidary knappers sell their work as art and have no training in archaeology at all. Experimental flintknapping is very rare to say the least.

According to Dr. Jeff Meldrum (2006, page 110) “The hand print is quite large, over 8 inches across the palm, and correlates with the large 17-tracks reportedly associated with it. The hand exhibits the more apelike characteristics of relatively flat palm and non-opposable thump. It also displays the thick and nearly sub-equal fingers with extensive webbing between the digits. The flexion creases on the palm and digits are faint, as to be expected when a hand is bearing weight, but discernible, permitting inferences to be drawn placement of joints in the fingers” The fact that the relict hominid hand does not share the human trait of the fully opposable thumb would n o t impede stone throwing, especially on large stones or boulders that would not require the thumb to hold or steady the projectile during the preparation and fallow through of the throw, and certainly not impeding a two handed through were the subdominant hand steadies the projectile and the dominant hand supplies the launching force. Meld-rum’s description of Freeman’s relict hand imprint does put the proverbial wrench in my “Bigfoot the flint-knapper, or tool maker theory”. The opposable thumb is absolutely imperative for the act of knapping flint, at least in the highly controlled or advanced flint-knapping procedures. The opposable thumb is absolutely imperative for the act of human type Clovis knapping flint, at least in the highly controlled or advanced flint -knapping procedures. However, Don Crabtree (1982, p 5) describes “throwing” as “the simplest and probably one of the earliest methods of tool making was throwing and the raw material with great force against an anvil stone to break or shatter it into usable pieces with sharp edges. These flakes could be used “as is” or the edges sharpened by modification”. I went out in the riverbed areas along the Spokane River and conducted rock throwing experiments with certain very tough north Idaho quartzite types and was able to verify Crabtree’s throw-knapping theory. Flakes detached one out of 10 throws against an equally dense, but larger, anvil stone. The flakes (known as spalls) had a sharp usable blade edge with little or most often, no modification. The left over cobble projectile also had a functional edge at the flake scar. Several more throw and a rough hand axe appears, although this is a much more arduous endeavor and most often requires some rudiment hand held direct percussion. I was able to conduct a limited but effective percussion blow here without using my opposable thumb, but it was very awkward and caused superficial hand injuries Crabtree (1982: P5) states: “using the hand-held direct percussion technique, the worker holds the object piece in the hand, or hands, and strikes it against an anvil stone. This is a hazardous method, for the flakes fly in the direction of the worker and the fingers between the anvil stone and the flint stone piece being struck are vulnerable. The break is flat and each half is well suited for a blade or flake core (or core tool).” Crabtree (1982: P5) states that there is another flint-knapping methodology that has been deployed that is quite basic, but Flintknapping geometry. The lithic grade scale, higher numbers are harder to work Modern knapped flint tool found in context with modern elk butcher site more predictable in the desired product of reduction of the stone material and the desired result for stone tool production than throwing or hand held direct percussion, the method known as “bi-polar” flintknapping, not to be confused with the mental condition of the same name,: “This technique requires placing the object piece on an anvil stone (small boulder sized, secured in soil) and striking with a precursor (cobble sized hammer stone). Small pebbles and cobbles may be fractured in this way, much the same as one would crack a nut (a known chimp practice and suspected activity of the alleged relict hominoid known as Bigfoot). Force is indeed from the stone anvil (rebound energy from the bottom up) and the hammer stone precursor (energy from downward force), causing cones of force to form in both ends of the pebble or cobble, not necessarily leaving cone scars (typical of other snapping methods). When the force is in direct opposition, the cone exceeds the elastic limit of the material and it shatters. The debris will resemble segments of an orange.” Here all three basic percussion flintknapping methodologies described by Crabtree (1982: P 5 ) are deployed by a Chimpanzee named Kanzi under experimental conditions, and others. I am theorizing that the alleged relict hominoid known as Bigfoot also may employ similar flint-knapping basic methods. I also tested this theoretical model and found my results matched Crabtree. Flint-knapping tests in the field resulted in the creation of s tone tool s that were functional as; drill, cutting blade, saw, scrapper, perforator, hand axe, cleaver, maul, hammer, ice pick, stone pick, digging tool, an Clay Singer, whom had appeared on a television documentary with Dr, Leaky in 1972, that featured the Calico site, had lost his teaching position at California State University at Northridge and even his leadership role at the Northridge Archaeological Research Center, in good part for supporting the Calico Early Man theory, like Dr. Leaky the Calico excavations were "catastrophic” to his professional career, as they did not fit into the paradigm of the day, this was largely responsible for his parting of our ways at the University. This ended up being disastrous for my Master’s Thesis as Clay was my project advisor and my thesis was on cultural indicators in lithic fracture, Clay’s specialty. I should have continued there at CSUN, but I had sort of lost interest after suffering the “Calico curse”. Clay once told me “Careful Ray. Archaeology is a blood sport” and he would know he was boned by the university and later by one of my fellow students and research partners at NARC whom turned out to be a conman, he later pulled the same trick on me, but Clay sued him and got some bucks. From Calico of 200,000 years to Clovis of 11,000 Years ago Fast forward 189,000 years of Bigfoot goodness and Squatchopithicus bliss with no humans with their pointy ended spears to the contact period of Squatchopthicus, the Bigfoot like animals with one of the most deadly- prolific hunter societies in earth’s history, the Clovis big game hunters. Much like the familiar story of the Bluff Creek Bigfoot from the famous Patterson/Gimlin film and Bigfoot encounter of 1967, the Clovis story began with a flood and a cowboy on a horse. The epic began with a flood in northern New Mexico in the year of 1908. A cowboy named George McJunkin was riding along checking the fences around the arroyos for damage after a good healthy rainstorm. McJunkin came up the largest bison bones he had ever seen. The soil been eroded away from the swift water of the flood, this exposed the enormous bones that had been buried in the sediments for many thousands of years. McJunkin reported his find to academia and over the next few years, archaeologists began excavating the site and with this and word got out about the discovery and began to spread to other researchers. James Ridgely Whiteman, a 19-year-old amateur archeologist from Clovis in eastern New Mexico, took notice and started searching around the area on his own. One day in February of 1929, Whiteman, was searching along the place near his home called Blackwater Draw and he “found fluted points in association with mammoth bones.” He had come across what is now considered to be one of the most significant archaeological sites ever found in human history; Pleistocene Megafauna bones with imbedded stone projectile points from ancient huntsmen. Whiteman mailed two separate more letters to the Smithsonian Institution, but the letters were ignored until the New Mexico highway department, using horse-drawn road scrapers unearthed large piles of huge bones in 1932. Archeologists from the Smithsonian descended on the newly found archaeology site like vultures and found, as James Whiteman had told them; there were ancient flint spearheads, flint stone tools and ancient fire hearths at the site dating back about 13,000 years! The Clovis flint point type is best known for its characteristic lanceolate basic shape and channel flute extending from the basal region to the upper half of the point. The case is concave and ground for hafting. The average length from 5.5 to 11 cm. The average width thickness ratio of the Clovis is 5/1. The Clovis point, named by Edgar B. Howard in his 1935 classic paper Evidence of Early Man in North America. Edgar named the point after Clovis, New Mexico, near where the first point was found. The Clovis has been found in several areas of California but it is a rare find. Ancient projectile point types were made in specific times in prehistory and these time period are known to archaeologists, when a arrowhead or spear point is found, the typology tells use the age. Inmost cases these dates have been confirmed by laboratory testing. Clovis points have become synonymous with the time period called the “Paleo- Indian” period and appear to be the first, or among the first, lithic projectile point in the Americas. There has long been controversy, in the world community of archaeologists; weather pre-Clovis people existed on the North American continent. Clovis points were first found with extinct bison showing the Clovis the early American big game hunters used technology. Clovis hunters are thought to have contributed to the extinction of several species of mega-fauna, including the American mastodon, mammoth, short faced bear, giant sloth, American horse, American camel, giant beaver, Glyptodon or giant armadillo, dire wolf, Squatchopithicus and others. It is apparent how lethal this technology was. This period of prehistory has been dated by science laboratories and field archaeological contexts, to about 10,000 or 11,000 years ago. Steve Baxter (Bigfoot) The ancient Clovis people allegedly arrived in North America having crossed what scientists call the Bering Land Bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska when sea levels were much lower and the water was locked up in ice age glaciers. The Clovis migration or invasion (refugees or soldiers) started with a mass migration from Siberia with a long and arduous journey across the ancient Bering land bridge. We don’t know if it was an Exodus, such as that of the Jewish peoples from Egyptian slavery, which took place 7,000 years later at about 3,500 years ago and took 40 years, or if the Clovis migration was a gradual move of hundreds or thousands of years? The most widely excepted theories have Clovis migrations being very rapid. From Alaska, Clovis people migrated across an ice-free corridor south and dispersed across the continent, the path they used left isolated pockets of sanctuary for Squatchopithicus and thus kept the Relict hominoid from full genocide and extinction, like the American Bison, there seem to be small number that still have small reproductive populations. For decades after the Clovis discovery, researchers thought that the Clovis people were the first Americans, but there is now evidence that pre-Clovis people may have arrived in the Americas in successive migrations before Clovis, or they mistaking Squatchopithicus artifacts for human artifacts. What do we see of modern Sasquatch in the area of artifacts? Well, from what I have found in my time in the field and as an observant observer of the research of others are these items devised into subsets or categories: Glyphs (see article this issue) Structures Stone tools A) Modified B) unmodified Bone tools A) Modified B) unmodified Wooden tools (all are modified to some degree) Tree mutilation (twists, breaks, uproot or snap off) 7. Nests. 8. Butcher sites 9. Cave or rock shelter occupation sites 10. Tracks 11. Hand prints 12. Butt/ body prints 13. Hair evidence 14. Skeletal remains 15. Corpse A) Complete B) Partial 16. Review of oral tradition 17. Review eyewitness reports 18. DNA evidence A) Specific test B) Environmental DNA 19. Dermatoglphics A) finger print evidence B) Foot print dermal-ridge evidence I covered glyphs in detail in that article enclosed. Structures are tree branches or logs set up in a conical form like a Plains Indian teepee. I have seen a period of the in the deep woods all the way into the tree-lines of town, need I remind you that many Sasquatch encounters are road crossings just on the edge of small towns. The structures are made of branches and trees that are either snapped off, uprooted or twisted off, never cut. They are usually set up in a cone shape giving it the name teepee. According to pioneer Bigfoot research Daniel Perez:” no Bigfoot has ever been seen making or using a teepee”. The usage of the teepee is speculation at best, here are the most common uses that researchers have given me : A trap where Sasquatch herds game animals into the teepee shaped coral. A tent A triangulated boundary marker for juveniles. If you see one look for two more! A marker made to commemorate the birth of a new Sasquatch in their group. BONE TOOLS: Bone tools are for the most part tool that have been made from the long bones of large mammal , moose femer, radios and ulna are fairly common raw material selections for this tool type. The tools are made by a massively strong Sasquatch twisting the long bones ( fear) until it spiral fractures. This creates a very sharp point and blade edge. These bone tools are used for perforation (awl), cutting (blade), digging (trowel) and some aspects of butchering (skinning tool). The examples in the photo were all found in caves in the Northwest United States. All were examined and had what appeared to be micro use wear indications. Trace evidences on the bones indicated that the tools were used for various domestic tasks and the DNA extracted had trace elements similar to domestic dog, human, elk, deer, various plant fibers material. These particular artifacts have been used, three of the samples have had the points worn off from use. “Pangboche Yeti hand” The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are figures in the Christian religion, first appearing in Revelation, an apocalypse written by John of Patmos.  Revelation 6 tells of a book or scroll in God's right hand that is sealed with seven seals. The Lamb of God/Lion of Judah opens the first four of seven seals, which summons four beings that ride out on white, red, black, and pale horses “The Four Horsemen” of Bigfoot research, the pioneers as it were of Bigfoot research, as from the famous “Tom Slick expeditions”.   A millionaire and Texan oil man, Tom Slick, Jr. was not your typical jr Ewing from the old TV Series; Dallas, Tom Slick, Jr. was not like most of us in vision as a millionaire flying off to Epstein Island or buying off crooked positions. Tom Slick, Jr. was a philanthropist, adventurer, peace advocate and traveler, and for our purposes he was most known for his fascinating contributions in the world of cryptozoology, most often noted for his historic Nepalese missions in search of the Yeti.   Tom Slick Junior’s interest in cryptozoology greatest adventures would be in Nepal on the hunt for the Yeti, after his graduation from the academic halls of Yale, in 1956, the “Abominable Snowman” was on Tom Slick Junior’s list of things to do! Yeti is like a massive snow Bigfoot (also known locally as Meh-teh, which translates to “man bear.”). The Yeti was also documented by Eric Shipton, while attempting to climb the world’s highest peak, Mount Everest, Eric Shipton took the first pictures of Yeti tracks. Sir Edmund Hilary, in 1953 climbed to the peak of Mount Everest he came across similar tracks. Sir Edmund Hilary even gazed upon Yeti itself !   In Tom Slick Junior’s earlier trips to India he had heard stories about the ape man of the Himalaya Mountains and he wanted some of that action and Bigfoot Goodness! In my article “From Yale to Yeti” I delve more into this in more detail. Tom Slick Junior eventually came to the conclusion that there were two kinds of Yeti. One was about eight feet tall and black while the other was smaller, and reddish in color. The website “Bigfoot 411” the blogger states that there are similarly four types of the American Bigfoot. Tom Slick Junior also photographed and made plaster casts of some of the footprints he had found in the ground in Nepal, Tom Slick Junior also collected droppings and hair allegedly from Yeti. In Nepal, while taking a bus up a steep mountainside, the vehicle lost its brakes and Tom Slick Junior was badly injured. Not being able to search much with his injuries he enlisted the help of the famous Hollywood actor Jimmy Stewart.  Tom Slick Junior asked Jimmy Stewart to help him steel some evidence from the mummified Yeti hand, at a monastery in Pangboche. Stolen was the thumb bone and phalanx from the “Pangboche hand”, Jimmy Stewart replaced the parts with human bones, and then Jimmy Stewart smuggled the Yeti hand parts out of the country hidden inside his luggage.   “ In 1958, Slick and his associates paid their first visit to the Pangboche monastery and inquired of the Yeti hand. The monks had absolutely no problem showing the men the object of their worship. After all, they believed they were showing the hand to honourable men with the best of intentions. They would soon learn how wrong they were. When Slick was brought in the Sanctuary of the Hand, he knew almost intuitively that this was the real deal. The mummified hand of a Yeti. The hand was really nothing more than a few fragments of bone held precariously together by scraps of skin. But, the hand was easily twice the size of a normal human hand and certainly appeared to be something extraordinary. After viewing the hand, Slick asked the monks if he could take the hand with him for scientific study. At his request, the monks became uncharacteristically enraged and demanded that Slick and his companions leave immediately and never return. To them the hand was something to be revered not buried away in the musty basement of a faraway museum. The monks feared that if the hand was removed their idyllic society would crumble. When they left, Tom Slick assured the monks they would never return. However Slick had no intention of staying away and hatched a scheme to get his hands on the prize. A scheme that would make cryptozoologists the world over like shady characters. A year after his initial visit to the monastery, Slick dispatched his good friend, Peter Byrne, to the Pangboche monastery with a less than honest goal in mind. Slick came to the conclusion that he didn’t need the entire hand, a few fragments of skin and bone should do the trick. And the monks of Pangboche monastery would be none the wiser. I can’t help but wonder how the plan went down. Was it something as elaborate as Tom Cruise dangling from a rope a la “Mission Impossible?” Not hardly. Byrne waited for the monks to go to bed and slipped in as they peacefully slumbered. Upon finding the Hand, Byrne, clipped away a few fragments of bone and tissue and replaced them with the bone and skin of a normal every day man. And Byrne slipped back out leaving the monks to believe the Hand was intact for all to see. Following his successful mission, Byrne smuggled the fragments across the border into India. Now all he had to do was get the fragments back to the States. To accomplish this feat, Slick called upon his friend and fellow Yeti enthusiast, Jimmy Stewart. That’s right, the Jimmy Stewart, star of everyone’s favourite Christmas movie. Stewart and his wife coincidentally were vacationing in India and jumped at the chance to have in his possession the remains of an actual Yeti. The scheme worked the fragments of the hand made it back to the States safely hidden away in Mrs Stewart’s makeup case. Slick had his prize and would soon prove the existence of the beast to the world. One of the strangest heists in the history of the world had been pulled off flawlessly. Unfortunately for the Pangboche monks things were about to go from bad to extremely bad. In 1960, Sir Edmund Hillary and naturalist, Marlin Perkins, arrived at the Pangboche monastery to see the hand. Unlike Tom Slick, they weren’t there to prove the existence of the Yeti. They were there to debunk the monk’s claims. And upon inspection of the hand, Hillary, discovered that bones and skin were attached with string and wire and didn’t fit with the general makeup of the hand. Hillary, feeling vindicated in his scepticism, declared the Pangboche Hand to be a complete fraud. When news of Hillary’s findings reached Slick he didn’t even attempt to have a scientific study done. Why bother, no one would take his word of Hillary and he committed the crime of stealing from a monastery and smuggling across international borders. Slick hid the fragments safely away with the secret of the crime hidden away. For more than 30 years the Pangboche Hand was considered a fraud despite the best efforts of cryptozoologist, Loren Coleman. In 1989, Coleman discovered Tom Slick’s plot upon reading his archives. The whole bizarre affair cast a very negative light on the Texas oil man, making him look like a fool and a thief. in 1991 it was discovered that an American anthropologist named George Agogino possessed a portion of the finger so the mummified hand of a Yeti was in the sites of the media. The NBC television program, “Unsolved Mysteries” received samples of the stolen bone fragments and tested them with the new method of DNA testing and the results shocked the world. The researchers came to the conclusion that the hand was “near human” and did not match any primate known to science. Tom Slick, who had long since dead was finally vindicated in his belief that the Yeti was indeed a real creature. Because of he injuries in the bus accident and local laws made inhibiting his hunts, Tom Slick Junior was unable to return to Nepal, Slick turned his attention to the American Yeti, the Sasquatch. He could head field expeditions himself in the Pacific Northwest and he indeed endeavored to persevere bring along the “Four Horseman”, and he did, discovering many tracks and making many casts and unleashing the Four Horsemen into the world of Bigfoot research. Tom Slick Jr. was killed in 1962 when his Beechcraft airplane crashed in Montana, but this did not end the ride of the Four Horsemen.   “The Four Horsemen” are these four were the pioneers of Bigfoot research:  Peter Byrne, John Green and Rene Dahinden Bigfoot researcher Peter Byrne was born in Ireland. Following service in the Royal Air Force during World War II, Byrne went to Northern India to work on a tea plantation. Peter discovered his first yeti footprint in Nepal in 1948. In 1953 he started his own safari company which he ran for eighteen years. In 1957 Byrne embarked on a three year expedition to hunt and track down the yeti; said expedition was funded by Texas oilman Tom Slick. In 1960 Peter headed another expedition to uncover Bigfoot in the Pacific Northwest of Northern California; other members of the team briefly included fellow Sasquatch researchers John Green and Rene Dahinden (both of whom would later deride Byrne as a fraud).   This expedition was also funded by Tom Slick. In 1968 Byrne co-founded the International Wildlife Conservation Society, Inc. and serves as the executive director to this very day. In the 1990s Peter devised the Bigfoot Research Project, which was a full-scale scientific investigation centered on proving the existence of Sasquatch. The Mt. Hood, Oregon-based operation was ahead of its time in its use of helicopters, state-of-the-art infra-red sensors, and a 1-800-BIGFOOT phone number. Byrne was interviewed in the documentaries "The Force Beyond" and the delightfully quirky "Sasquatch Odyssey: The Hunt for Bigfoot." He's also the author of the book "The Search for Bigfoot: Monster, Myth, or Man?". Now retired, Peter Byrne lives in Los Angeles, California    John Willison Green (February 12, 1927 – May 28, 2016) was a Canadian journalist and a leading researcher of the Bigfoot phenomenon. Green was a graduate of both the University of British Columbia and Columbia University and compiled a database of more than 3,000 sighting and track reports. Green first began investigating Sasquatch encounters and track evidence in the year 1957. He eventually met fellow Canadian Bigfoot enthusiast René Dahinden and the two joined forces and began interviewing multitudes of Bigfoot witnesses. About a year later, John Green was shown a series of 15" Bigfoot tracks crossing a sandbar beside Bluff Creek in California. Green also investigated the tracks reported in Bluff Creek, California in the summer of 1958. In 1963 John Green was elected Mayor of the Village of Harrison Hot Springs where he was owner/operator of the local newspaper, Green did Bigfoot research on the side. Later, after Green researched the Patterson Gimlin encounter in 1972, Green sold his local paper business in order to pursue his passion of Sasquatch research and to write about this at length.   As a world renowned authority on Bigfoot, Green appeared as a keynote speaker at several Sasquatch symposiums. John Green also authored several Sasquatch books on Bigfoot: The Apes Among Us (1978), regarded by the Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization (BFRO) as the "best written book on the subject". On the Track of the Sasquatch (1968) and Encounters with Bigfoot (1980). John Green was one of several researchers featured in the film Sasquatch Odyssey, a documentary Bigfoot themed film by a Canadian named Peter von Puttkamer whom was known for his unique style network TV documentaries including the BBC and Discovery Channel.    Rene Dahinden was born August 22, 1930. Mr. Dahinden was born in the town of Weggis, Switzerland, in the district of Lucerne. Rene’ moved to Canada in 1953, but made many trips all around the world promoting Bigfoot. For gainful employment Mr. Dahinden worked on a dairy farm in Alberta, Canada.Rene Dahinden became interested in Bigfoot soon after moving to Canada from Switzerland. It began with chance CBS news broadcast on the radio about an expedition to search for Yeti in the Himalayas.   Rene was talking to his dairy farm boss, Wilbur Willich, about how it would be something to go to the Himalayas and "search for that thing".Mr. Willich replied "Hell, you don’t have to go that far. They got them things in British Columbia".   Around 1956 Rene Dahinden met British Columbia researcher John Green and the two of them hit it off right away and they began conducting Bigfoot field research together.   Rene’ Dahinden conducted decades of field research, witness interviews, taking photos of tracks and making plaster cast, all the while promoting the idea of Sasquatch being a real creature.   In 1967 when the Roger Patterson- Bob Gimlin Bigfoot film came out, many took sides about the film, if it was real or not. Dahinden became a supporter and advocate of the film and wanted to bring the scientific attention to it that he thought it deserved. It is noted that Dahinden and Green showed the Patterson-Gimlin film at several events and to many people around the world, Dahinden even showed it in Russia. Dahinden estimated the weight of "Patty” the Bigfoot, the animal seen in the Patterson-Gimlin film, to be about 700 pounds.   Rene Dahinden acquired copyrights to the photographic images of the Patterson–Gimlin footage and it is believed by some that today Rene Dahinden's estate still apparently owns 51% of the rights to the Patterson-Gimlin film. Frame 352, the famous turn, is in public domain.   In 1973 Rene Dahinden’s classic book "Sasquatch" with the help of Don Hunter The book covers the classic  Bigfoot  stories of the Ape Canyon Bigfoot attack at Mount Saint Helens in Washington State in 1924, the strange Albert Ostman Kidnapping also taking place in 1924 in British Columbia, the Baumann attack, Cripple-foot tracks, and the 1967 Patterson-Gimlin film.   Dr. Grover S. Krantz was born in 1931 in Salt Lake City. He obtained an M.A. in anthropology from the University of California at Berkeley and then got his PhD from the University of Minnesota. He was a professor at Washington State University for 30 years and retired in 1998. Grover Kranz stood by the scientific evidence he had gathered to support the existence of Sasquatch. He eventually traveled to Russia and China to investigate large bipedal ape like animals there. When he died his skeleton was put in a glass case with the skeleton of his dog at the Smithsonian Institute, so you can go visit him there if you’d like.   I  can't  say  I  do  an  inordinate  amount  of  Bigfoot  research,  I  get  a reports  periodically  and  try  to  follow  up  with  it  to  the  best  of  my abilities and that's basically it. I've often gone where people who have had the Bigfoot sightings and do a thorough investigation and follow up  with  research  and  documentation,  there's  really  not  a  whole  lot more to learn. I will say in July of this year I was able to go to the Paul Freeman  film  site  where  he  has  claimed  to  have  shot  a  video  of  a Bigfoot  subject  in  August  of  1992  and  that  was  in  an  area  I had found an Elk butcher site with flint-like stone artifacts in context with it. I had found some rough looking foot prints but I had sent them to Dr. Jeff Meldrum of the University of Idaho and he stated “Sorry Ray, but you are over-interpreting your observations. Deduct Spring, Oregon and it was just nice to see the lay of the land for  me  as  an  investigator  to  understand,  okay  this  is  where  the photographer was, this is where the Bigfoot subject was, and this is the  distance  and  this  is where  the Bigfoot  subject  walked  in  certain  direction and that direction and just  to  gain  an  understanding  of  the event.  I  didn't  think  the  film  site  some 30 years later.

According to the North American Ape Consrvancy: “Casts of three large human-like footprints were made by U.S. Forest Service personnel in June, 1982, in southeastern Washington State. The fine-grained soil preserved many impressions of dermal ridges and sweat pores. Careful study by dermatoglyphics experts shows these impressions are perfectly consistent with the friction skin found only in higher primates. The foot size of 37.5 x 17 cm rules out any known primate; the nonopposed first digit indicates a hominid. Physical circumstances suggest a body weight of 300 to 400 kg. It is believed that all possible methods of faking this evidence have been considered, and ruled out.” On June 10, 1982, U.S. Forest Service patrolman Paul Freeman was surveying elk in the Umatilla National Forest, on the border of Washington and Oregon states. That morning, he reported seeing at relatively close range an animal of human shape, hair covered, standing about 2.5 m tall, with an estimated weight of 400 kg. This event is typical of the hundreds of descriptions of encounters with the supposed but unverified Sasquatch. Other Forest Service personnel from the Walla Walla Ranger District Office in Walla Walla, Washington (where Freeman was employed), were called to the scene that day, and they observed many apparent footprints that were consistent with an animal of that description. Many photographs were taken, and a plaster cast was made of one of these impressions (Fig. 1, right). The following day, a search and rescue team on an unrelated mission came upon the scene, took more photographs, made another cast (Fig. 2), and, attempted to track the creature. One week later, on June 17, Freeman and, other foresters encountered more footprints a few miles away, at a place called Elk Wallow, this time of two individuals. One of these sets of tracks matched the tracks at the sighting location, and a third cast was made (Fig 1, left). The second individual left slightly different tracks, and three casts were made of these (Figs. 3 and 4). The analysis in this article centers on these three new tracks (made by the second individual) from Elk Wallow, in the Mill Creek Watershed. (For more background information, see ISC Newsletter [1982a]) During the following winter, Freeman and other investigators found additional tracks on several occasions. They made more plaster casts indicating the existence of at least two more individuals. In all, 11 casts of four distinguishable types have been made. Five of these casts were made by Forest Service workers in THE ELK BUTCHER SITE June of 1982, and the originals are still in my possession, pending their ultimate disposition. One made by Art Snow of the search and rescue team, and five more made by Paul Freeman himself, have been copied with latex or Silastic molds and returned to their owners. This study is not concerned with the truth or accuracy of Freeman’s claimed sighting. It is also not concerned with the full range of tracks and the differences between them. Nor do I stress the physical circumstances of the supposed Sasquatch trails themselves, convincing as they may be. Instead, the emphasis here is on the morphology of the three Elk Wallow track casts, which show the greatest detail, especially in terms of the pattern of dermal ridges that was observed in the actual tracks, and that has been preserved in parts of the plaster casts. The prevailing soil type in this region is wind-blown loess, a very fine-grained substance with typical particle sizes of around 0.01 mm diameter. When this soil is damp and cool, and pressed into by a warm body, a detailed imprint commonly remains. Most, if not all, of these tracks were cast within a day of the time of impression, so they had not dried out, nor had they received any intrusive material. The well mixed casting plaster that was poured into these impressions was able to record any degree of detail that was held by the soil. Variations down to less than 0.1 mm are faithfully preserved. This is fine enough to show individual dermal ridges and their sweat pores. While the above-described circumstances seem perfectly reasonable in hindsight, I was initially unconvinced that such detail could transfer from skin to dirt to plaster. A simple test demonstrated its feasibility. The top soil on my property in Pullman, Washington, is of similar loess. I experimentally depressed my own thumb into a piece of this topsoil, and made a plaster cast of the impression. It faithfully recorded the dermal ridges and some of the sweat pores of my skin. I have since found out, through discussions with police officials, that footprint patterns in dirt are actually used for criminal identification in India and New Zealand. A U.S. Border Patrol tracker who was called in by the Forest Service to help in the Walla Walla investigation declared the tracks to be fakes because of the presence of these dermal ridges (among other things). He pointed out that, of all North American mammals, only humans have fully developed friction skin on the soles of their feet. He did not allow for the possibility of the track maker being another higher primate — all of which have the same kind of friction skin with virtually identical dermal ridges. Illustrating these tracks proved to be a difficult problem. Photographing an entire cast for general shape was simple enough, but the detail was another matter. Given the significance of these fine lines, and the controversy over their source, it was obvious that drawings would not be satisfactory. Some objective method was needed to transfer the pattern of ridges directly into black and white images for publication. Attempts at inking and rolling were not very successful on cast copies, and it was decided not to try inking any of the originals. Fingerprint dust (commonly used by fingerprint specialists) and tape removal also worked well only on small areas at a time on cast copies. The relief of these ridges is generally under 0.2 mm, so they are best seen on the casts with only oblique lighting that throws the furrows into shadow. A number of close-up photographs of small areas were made with this method. These are shown here with their locations on the full casts clearly indicated. Some of these photographs have already been published (ISC Newsletter 1982b). This method of illustration is limited because of the curved surfaces of a rigid structure. Beyond a small area, details are either thrown into total shadow, or else they are lost when the light enters all depressions. SASQUATCH STRUCTURES By Ray Harwood Whether speaking to a group of Bigfooters or being in a heated debate on social media, the concept of bigfoot building and using structures as highly controversial as is all things bigfoot. It was fall and the snow began to fall and I was wandering about in the woods when I came upon a small clearing in the deep woods it was in the center of this clearing what there was a lone large ponderosa pine tree with his branches stripped off up to about 25' or so The interesting part is a conical TP like structure was built using the tree as a center post you can 3 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD see this in the image above When I 1st saw the chronicle dwelling I was apprehensive about approaching it as I did not know what was inside it or who was inside it for that matter. When I got close enough I could see there was a doorway and I looked inside the doorway and it appeared there was no living creatures inside the chronicle teepee. There was however a worn spot on the ground in the dirt where it looked like someone or something had been moving around on the ground Enough to wear a pattern in a circular fashion around the tree and it was made quite soft by removing rocks and placing pine needles, so it appears someone or something had 4 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD been sleeping in there or at least living in there for quite some time and I went back to the TP structure and I decided to stay the night. I got my flashlight my sleeping bag and I was dressed in several layers of heavy clothing because it was very cold and it was snowing and the wind was howling. Sometimes however it is warmer when it is snowing then when it is clear out it must be some sort of insulation from the clouds and from the snow on the ground. At some point I made the decision to come back to the teepee structure and spend the night inside the dwelling. So I packed up my gear and I went back out to the teepee structure and I set up my little bedroom in there. I had my battery operated lantern and my glove warming bags, my sleeping bag small tarp and the beanie I always wear to keep my head warm. Entering the teepee at night, in the dark was a little bit scary because I didn't know if there was anything moving or alive in there. Like I said the teepee was in a clearing in the woods surrounded by timber and you can see that in the photograph, so during the night I would 5 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD take pause and look out the door at the timberline to see if anything was glaring back at me with my spotlight. I kept thinking of the old story Goldie Locks and the Three Bears, but it would be a massive bull-squatch that says “who’s been sleeping in my bed?” I had not really camped out in the winter like this since I was on bivwak at Fort Knox in Kentucky when I spent a bit of time in the Army. I almost froze back then, and I was a bit concerned here too, but inside the teepee it was surprisingly comfortable. It seems all those branches that made up the conical form blocked the icee breeze and the slight well around the tree base, combined with the loose soft soil and pine needle insolation worked quit well. (Censored 10 pages) I have heard from Bigfoot researcher Daniel J. Benoit of Virginia that the Sasquatch have eye shine, if you shine a light on their eyes they will glow , or be reflective, much like a cat ’s eyes in your headlights, but I did not experience any of that sort of eye shine thing this night. I did hear something crashing around in the woods just beyond the timberline breaking branches stepping on pine cones and crunching through the crusty snow however. I hid my head inside my sleeping bag for the most part and only poked out to shine my spotlight into the trees on occasion. Apes are known to kill, raging apes rip off people’s faces, hands and genitals. I was in proximity of one such encounter and I can tell you it was horrific. Bigfoot is sort of a giant ape, so you can imagine what it could do! “According to NamUs (National Missing and Unidentified Persons System), more than 600,000 persons go missing in the United States every year.” How many were kidnapped or devoured by Sasquatch? 6 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD At one point in the night I was in a sort of twilight sleep, sort of between sleep and daydreaming and I was thinking about the Albert Ostman story of 1924, a gold seeker and trapper, Albert Ostman claimed to have been kidnapped by a large bull-squatch. He was allegedly t carried a long distance back to the Bigfoot camp while he was still inside his sleeping- bag, and held for a week before he could escape by feeding the bull- squatch some tobacco snuff. I had no snuff, but I clung tightly to my can of bear spray. It is claimed that there is an area in British Columbia where 21 people have disappeared, North Idaho is not very far from there and also has a number of missing people; I heard some audible noises outside the teepee structure, I was unsure if it was a deer, moose, or an elk or something like that , but I certainly did hear something crunching about the forrest. One part of me says it may have been a Bigfoot and the other, more rational side says the simplest , most straight-forward conclusion is usually the correct one. I was thinking or a bear either case I would be a tasty snack rolled up on my sleeping bag I'd be like a giant bean burrito. I didn't sleep much that night, either heartburn or having to go wiz, sometimes I woke up with heartburn, once I thought I heard a whistle or just thought I heard something and I guess I should have put out a game camera or one of those sensor alarms or a light sensor, so when something walked by the light would go on automatically or a Bell would sound or something like that but I did not think of it at 1st it was sort of a sleepless night so I started thinking about all the things that this could be is this a hunter's camp ? is it a kid's Fort? is it a Bigfoot or some of other relative dwelling for maybe certain times of the year more for 7 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD ceremonies or something
of that sort or maybe it is a
ceremony for some
religion or something like
that Maybe Native
American or something
like that Through the years
I visited the teepee many
times probably at least
once or twice a year and
every time I go see it I
notice that new pine bows
have been brought in to
replace the old ones that
have fallen off or in
disrepair logs that have
rotted away or have
broken were replaced by
new logs And branches
that have fallen and brought him onto the teepee from the wind or microbursts have been removed and put beyond the timberline to keep the little clearing clear around Like many people say when they're on the deep woods it felt like I was being watched but it was probably just my paranoia from being alone in the dark and the deep woods and the cold snow with wild animals this is North Idaho and there are packs of wolves grizzly bears black bears mountain lions and all other sort of beast And also like anywhere there are murderous humans. We don't have any poison snakes 8 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD here and Idaho that I know of I've never seen one anyway and it's much too cold for scorpions in the area that I live What is the purpose for this teepee I'm sure for every teepee there could be another purpose there are many purposes for a chronicle dwelling, and many variances in typology, some of the ones I've seen on the Internet on the Bigfoot websites like on Facebook and what not are made out of huge logs very heavy and I'm sure that would probably have a separate function then the heavy Branch teepee that I was sleeping in on this night or at least trying to sleep And there And then there is the small chronicle branch dwellings that I've seen that some people have told me those are hunting blinds for a Squatch I've also structures made out of wood like branches made into a tripod and hunter hangs their game from this tripod when they are skinning and butchering the animal so some of them are undoubtedly this One common sight that I have seen in 9 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD these chronicle dwellings is the presence of 2 cobblestones 1 beside the other usually granite and what's interesting about these river cobbles No I know the Olympic project has found what they consider to be Sasquatch (Photos of Olympic nest rocks by Scott Violette: Squatch America) 10 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD The Olympic Project (not to be confused with “the Bigfoot Project” or “the Bluff Creek Project”) is an association of dedicated researchers, investigators, biologists and trackers committed to documenting the existence of Sasquatch through science and education, have located nest clusters in nearby Washington State. Through comprehensive habitat study, DNA analysis and game camera deployment, their goal is to obtain as much information and empirical evidence as they can, with hopes of being as prepared as possible when and if species verification comes to fruition. The Olympic project studies are conducted in a non-invasive manor with respect and sensitivity to probable habitat we believe this amazing alleged species inhabits. “The idea for the Olympic Project was first thought of by Richard Germeau and longtime Bigfoot researcher Derek Randles. Richard, a Washington native, has an extensive background in law enforcement and investigation. Derek, a landscape contractor and wilderness guide in Washington State, is currently a field investigator and tracker. The Olympic Project offers field training these trips are designed to help educate and instruct researchers and enthusiasts on how to be more effective, and better prepared to conduct research in the Pacific Northwest as well as 4 day expeditions. Olympic Project Bigfoot expeditions are held in the Olympic Mountains, deep forests of Washington State. They are typically 4 day overnight outings that begin on a Thursday and end on Sunday.” (Olympicproject.com). 11 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD 12 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD Strange shaped structure 13 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD 14 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD nests and I am inclined to probably agree unless there's some sort of rare bear hanging out in the area that makes ness as well On any case be it nice or be it chronicled dwellings there is often 2 spherical river cobbles made of granite acceptance that are in the nesting area and those are considered to be what is called sounding or clanking rocks and when you Bang them together it makes a loud clink and this would be some sort of communication device either a warning or a communicate to other sauce squatch Whether that to be called I'm home for dinner warning that a humans in the area or something of that sort or it's time for bed anyway whatever the reason and maybe there are many reasons but there are often clanking rocks in these conical dwellings and nests In the stuff in 15 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD 16 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD discussing these conical structures one person Told me their theory was That bigfoot subjects heard game animals into these Chronicles structures like a Crow then they capture these animals kill them and devour them yummy In the study of Sasquatch That the hair is always broken off or split in and never cut The same Can be said about these TP type branches are never cut but rather twisted or broken off or simply pulled out of the ground and used as is This of course would be the rule of thumb however there's always except To the rule As I feel that some of the varieties of bigfoot as there is 4 subspecies Use stone tools And also people cut branches and Sasquatch could easily gather up these cut branches And bring this to a clearing to make a structure. This brings me to another topic settings and that the location of the structures Some of the Deep in the woods and not very accessible so this would lean toward Wilderness survivalist Most Most bigfoot sightings are in rural but populated areas And it only makes sense you would find some of the instructors on the outskirts of these populated areas and this seems to be the case. 17 of 67 BIGFOOT MYSTERY MAGAZINE MARCH: 2023 RAY HARWOOD THE ELK BUTCHER SITE DR. JEFF MELDRUM HAD A 3D BONE TO PICK! Patty’s skeleton: The first question critics of Bigfoot always gravitate to is “why is there no skeletal remains?” So there is always a heated debate on this topic, my response is always “no one is looking for them!” Well now at least we know what to look for! Anthropologist at University of Idaho, Dr. Jeff Meldrum and his team of experts, put together a life-size skeletal model of Patty Patterson the Sasquatch. The huge skeleton, which took over three months to create, was designed by first scanning a Neanderthal skeleton and then adjusting its proportions to match the famous Patterson/Gimlin footage which shows an alleged Bigfoot walking across Bluff Creek in California. Idaho State University has 3D printed Bigfoot. As part of a History Channel documentary, called “Bigfoot Captured,” which premieres tonight, Monday, November 9th, the university’s Robotics and Communication Systems Engineering Technology program was contracted to build an 8-foot-tall skeleton of the beast. The legendary creature, which has been allegedly sighted thousands of times over the last century, has been reported in 49 states, and now, thanks to a multitude of 3D printers scattered across Idaho and Washington, we are able to see, in life-sized detail, what its bone structure might actually look like. It’s becoming more common for museums to use 3D printing to create models of skeletons and fossils, as well as to restore existing ones. However, you may ask how one goes about 3D printing a skeleton of a creature whose existence has not been proven, let alone its bones recovered. Jeff Meldrum, an anthropology and anatomy professor at ISU, designed the model based on the 1967 video known as as the Patterson-Gimlin film, which claims to be a recording of Bigfoot. He also used conclusions drawn by Bigfoot researchers regarding the creature’s origins, and constructed the model based on the skeletons of Neanderthals as well as the Gigantopithecus blacki, an ancient, extinct ape that was twice the size of modern apes. With help from technicians at the Idaho Virtualization Laboratory, a research unit of the Idaho Museum of Natural History located on the ISU campus, Meldrum created his 3D model. The Neanderthal skeleton was digitally manipulated to more closely resemble the image in the film, and the human-looking skull was replaced with that of Paranthropus boisei, an ancient apelike creature. “They made the shoulders much broader, the torso thicker, the arms longer, the legs the right proportion,” Meldrum said. “Then we took the Neanderthal skull away because it’s more human-like. We came up with a pretty interesting model, one that agreed with the creature that was depicted in the Patterson-Gimlin film.” Once the design was painstakingly completed by the team, the actual 3D printing process was initiated. According to Meldrum the 3D print took a grueling 1,600 hours to complete and required the use of a multitude printers all over the state of Idaho (we make more than just potatoes!) as well as in our neighboring state to the west, Washington. Once each piece was meticulously completed, the individually printed sections were carefully shipped from their printer locations to a fellow named “Geran Call” (an instructor in the Robotics and Communication Systems Engineering Technology program). Geran Call appeared in the History Channel documentary with Dr. Meldrum to talk about the process of printing and later assembling the skeleton. “To actually stand next to it was really, really quite amazing,” said Dr. Meldrum “Even this was a bit of an academic exercise because obviously everything is just inferential, but what it conveys is that otherwise difficult-to-imagine sensation or impression of standing next to a skeleton that’s 8 feet tall. I mean it’s huge — massive. “I’m delighted these departments were not only interested, but willing to participate in an exercise that I hope will be insightful and informative, and in pursuing this fascinating question of the potential of the existence of a relic hominoid species.” (Meldrum 2015) FOOT PRINT SCIENCE Dr. Jeff Meldrum is a Full Professor of Anatomy & Anthropology at Idaho State University (since 1993). He teaches human anatomy in the graduate health professions programs. His research encompasses questions of vertebrate evolutionary morphology generally, primate locomotor adaptations more particularly, and especially the emergence of modern human bipedalism. His co-edited volume, From Biped to Strider: the Emergence of Modern Human Walking, Running, and Resource Transport, proposes a more recent innovation of modern striding gait than previously assumed. His interest in the footprints attributed to sasquatch, was piqued when he examined a set of 15-inch tracks in Washington, in 1996. Now his lab houses well over 300 footprint casts attributed to this mystery primate. He conducts collaborative laboratory and field research throughout North America, and the world (e.g. China, Russia), and has spoken about his findings in numerous popular and professional publications, interviews, television and radio appearances, public and professional presentations. He is author of Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science (Tom Doherty Publishers), which explores his and other scientists’ evaluations of the contemporary evidence, and also affords deference to tribal people’s traditional knowledge of this subject. He has also published two field guides, one focusing on sasquatch, the second casting the net more broadly to consider the potential of relict hominoids around the world (Paradise Cay Publishing). He is editor-in-chief of the scholarly refereed journal, The Relict Hominoid Inquiry. Education 1989, Ph.D. Anatomical Sciences (Physical Anthropology), State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 1984, M.S. Zoology (Anatomy and Physiology), Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 1982, B.S. Zoology (Anatomy and Physiology), Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 1989-1991, Postdoctoral Visiting Assistant Professor, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC Dr. Jeff Meldrum is currently an esteemed professor of anatomy and anthropology at Idaho State University. Dr. Meldrum was featured in the film of the same name: Sasquatch, Legend Meets Science; the documentary television program filmed, written and directed by Doug Hajicek. The classic documentary Sasquatch, Legend Meets Science aired on the Discovery Channel on January 9, 2003. The film documentary preceded the book by the same name by three years and was an outgrowth, or supplement to said film. The book written as a bequest by those whom were involved in making said movie. The Synopsis of the program is Bigfoot research and features scientists from disciplines analyzing the most compelling evidence for the existence of Bigfoot, the alleged relict hominoid. The book and film both included studies of vocalizations, DNA, anatomy, the famous Skookum cast and the Patterson-Gimlin film among other topics. Dr. Meldrum is also featured in several episodes of the TV series Monster Quest and as a special quest in many others. MYTHOLOGY DOES NOT LEAVE FOOTPRINTS ! (part 1) I got the name for this article from Bigfoot Daniel Perez from Bigfoot Times, it says it all! According to the Relict Hominid Inquiry (2022) Russian researcher Vadim Makarov created the Atlas of Relict Hominoid Footprints that contains over 240 images of footprint contours. Relict Hominid Inquiry 11:0-253, available at no cost has these images for our examination at no cost. The images, line drawings, are intriguing and shed light on the international mysterious global phenomena of these prints. The photo above is courtesy of Dr. Jeff Meldrum, professor of anatomy and anthropology, the casting of some of the dozens of Patty the Bigfoot from the world famous Patterson Gimlin film site area, cast by Patterson and Titmus. The first person I know of to put forward the concept of “scaling”, you know, anatomical proportions and physical laws ,of motion and gravity, was Galileo Galilei, in his book Two New Sciences. In the book limitation on how big a living thing can get, the who, what, when and why of this science, when applied to the Bigfoot foot anatomy, show the foot of this Relict Hominoid developed like it did in direct response to several factors; the massive size of the Type 1 of the species, from metabolism, access to food sources and reproduction, based on mate selection concurrent with the ability to perform highly physical tasks and ability to fend off predation. The massive component of the Type 1 Bigfoot needed a foot that could support the immense weight of this species. The size of the Buttocks also falls in anatomically with the scaling concept. The food source has to be in sufficient abundance to fuel the growth of a musculature attribute enough to fully animate the immense skeletal s structure. The feet of the Type 1 Bigfoot has evolved into a long, wide and flat mobile platform for bipedal locomotion that is perfect for the weight, mass, locomotion strategy and the intense terrain that the Bigfoot must traverse on a daily basis. The foot of this Relict hominoid is perfect for the job and is more likely the product of an evolutionary process than the product of n army of advanced hoaxers. So what we can see from the foot pad of Patty the Bigfoot in the 1967 Patterson - Gimlin film is a nicely padded, resilient and overlaying of both heal and sides of the feet for extra protection in rough terrain. The top of the foot has hair for micro climate control, cool in the summer, warm in the winter. Inside the foot we see the mid tarsal break for maximum flexibility and perfect for uphill traction, gravitational acceleration and terrain adaptability. This type of foot is perfectly formed for both evenly supporting and dispersing immense weight, traction, agility and foot muscle function. A lot of muscle and brain action goes into just stand up, without moving, that’s why dead people fall down. With great hight comes great responsibility for the feet, while growing in hight and girth can cause pressures on tissue, growing of the feet, being flat and elongate is not under this restriction so the Bigfoot’s foot can hence evolve large without distress to the make up of the anatomy in general. The dimensions of the Cast photos courtesy of Dr. Jeff Meldrum In regard to standing and locomotion, have massive bipedal bone and muscle groups: buttocks, legs and the all important big feet! Why should we read the research notes from pioneers of Bigfoot research and relish in their stories? Why should we care? As we can see in the study of Bigfoot’s feet, these are not merely a once-relevant relic of their age, they show a continuity in the collected footprint evidence. The prints found by modern outdoorsmen and researchers mimic the anatomical attributes found in the originally cast natural organic prints, not the hoaxed trash prints. Of course every Bigfoot researcher worth his salt understands the significance of the track and for anatomy studies and research conducted and put fourth in publications and lectures by Dr. Jeff Meldrum. Dr. Meldrum’s laboratory houses over 200 plaster castings related to Bigfoot activity. Meldrum’s expertise is heavy on the bipedal locomotion aspect and the tracks that record said activity. Dr. Meldrum identifies aspects of authenticity based on organic movement, the footprints of a living flexing foot print in the soil or snow and the specific anatomy that has been attributed the species. The specific attributes of the organic wild Sasquatch print are length, average of 16 inches and 6 inches wide, flat pad, lack of arch, dermoglyphs,( like finger prints) mid-tarsal break, mid mid-tarsal pressure ridge. Meldrum’s Field Guide describes the Sasquatch foot track much better than I : “Flatfooted, inner toe largest. Broad, rounded, elongated heel; Poorly differentiated ball; ball occasionally transected by flexion crease; Breadth to length ratio exceeds human; deepest part of imprint usually under forefoot; may show evidence of mid-foot flexibility, i.e. mid-tarsal pressure ridge or half-track; length: 16 in. Average.” In the fall of 1967 a zoology major and herpetologist by the name of Terry Cohen would stumble across what seemed to be an amazing find. In a small attraction in Milwaukee Wisconsin this attraction was curated by a man by the name of Frank Hansen and the exhibition was staged in a refrigerated. Trailer that Hansen would tow around to different small events throughout the Midwest and the dead center of this trailer and frozen solid in a block of ice a man. Supposedly from a time long lost to history laid suspended in his icy coffin for anyone with a quarter and a dime to see.  Immediately after witnessing the quarterquote remained colin unsuccessfully attempted to gather the interest from many well known anthropologists many of whom were professors of academia after his After his failed attempts to gain the attention of mainstream science Colin then reached out to the author of a successful book on Harry hominids by the title of a bomber will Snowman legend come to life all verified fact author and naturalist ivanti Sanderson it just so happened that Sanderson was hosting another very well known. And respected voice in the field. The Belgian zoologist Explorer writer encrypts the zoologist Bernard haylin and it was on December 17th of 1967. The Sanderson and hoyleman made it to Hanson's place in Winona Minnesota and finally got a chance to witness the.  Is frozen man is this the best evidence? Is this the best evidence of a large hairy upright walking ape or the missing link in the theory of our evolution? Whatever was one day it just disappeared after the FBI and the Smithsonian took interest and was replaced by a rather sad attempt at a recreation. van Terence Sanderson (January 30, 1911 – February 19, 1973) was a British biologist and writer born in Edinburgh, Scotland, who became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Along with Belgian-French biologist Bernard Heuvelmans, Sanderson was a founding figure of cryptozoology, a pseudoscience and subculture. Sanderson authored material on paranormal subjects and wrote fiction under the pen name Terence Roberts. The Minnesota Ice Man was male, humanoid, 6 ft tall, and cover with animal like, dark brown hair, 3 - 4 inches long and coarser than human hair, the hominoid’s had large hands and feet, like those cast by Paul Freeman and others. The Minnesota Ice Man had a flat nose formed by an anomalous nasal bone, paired with a flat bone located at the upper third of the nose bridge. The thinner inferior ends of the nasal bones attach to cartilage that gives the lower two-thirds of the Minnesota Ice Man nose its shape. The aveolar process (upper jaw) of the skull form on the Minnesota Ice Man protrudes as those associated with ancient extinct fossil hominids. While the other skull traits are unhuman-like the projecting chin is a distinctive characteristic of the human skull. The supraorbital torus, commonly known as the brow ridge, is the bony lining located over the eye orbits. The supraorbital torus on the skull of the Minnesota Ice Man protrudes further than all but a very small percentage of modern humans. A sagittal crest, the ridge of bone running lengthwise along the sagittal suture midline of the top of the skull of like the projected skull upper rear posterior that appears to be present in the Minnesota Ice man’s skull as well, it is upsloping toward the rear of the head, the long hair obscures a really good view. Patty, the Bigfoot in the Patterson Gimlin film. Patty appears to have the presence of this same ridge of bone indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles and conical head appearance in the back. (Also Patty and Minnesota Ice man have short necks and pronounced chests and breasts) “The face is deliberately not referred to as the head because, as stated above, none of the latter, other than the face, can be seen. This is of a yellowish — i.e. Caucasoid ‘white’ or pinkish — color and naked but for two most remarkable hair tracks. The first runs up the septum between the nares from the top of the upper lip (there is no moustache but some scant, almost feline-like whiskers) to the frontal point of the very ‘pug’, nose. The other is a mere scattering of bristly, short hairs on the brow ridges but not joining across the (non-existent) bridge of the nose. There are virtually no brow ridges, and the forehead slopes only slightly backward, as far as can be seen. The molars are wide and prominent and the chin is wide. But, most notable to this author, were a series of folds and wrinkles around the mouth. The eye sockets are unexpectedly round and rather large. Both eyeballs are out and, in the opinion of this author, are missing. However, both the caretaker and Heuvelmans assert that they can see one of them on the left cheek. There is considerable outflow of red blood from the left eye socket which streams off into clear ice to the right (i.e. to the right side as seen from above) of the face. The nose is by far the most unusual feature of the face. This is pronouncedly what is called ‘pugged’, being turned upwards just like that of a Pekinese dog, and having the large, exactly round nares pointing straight forward to the general plane of the face. The nostrils are fleshy and rather heavy, but flow into the upper lip without a noticeable crease. To some extent the whole nasal structure may be likened to that of a young gorilla, but there is more actual ‘nose’, and this is turned upwards rather than being flattened, while it is not, as a whole, very wide in comparison, proportionately, to the width of the face, as in many human beings.” Chiromegaly or megalocheiria, are term describing hand that are disproportionately large, the Minnesota Ice Man also exhibits this trait. As I alluded to earlier the Paul freeman and Olympic project hand print casts have similar characteristics the Minnesota Ice Man. thumb - pollex, digitus primus, digitus not visable in the close up photo, appears anomalous compared to humans.’ The Index finger - digitus secundus , digituns IIMiddle finger - digitus medius, digitus tertius, digitus III, Ring finger - digitus medicinalis, the third finger, digitus annularis, digitus quartus, digitus IV, Little finger - digitus minimus, manus, digitus quintus, digitus V are all very visible in the close up photo and are unquestionably real and quite human like. The phillagy bone anatomy can be clearly scene through the layers of dermis. The five metacarpals, each one related to a digit. The Phalanges bones are located on the fingers. Each finger has three phalanges, except for the thumb in modern humans, without x-ray confirmation it is difficult to say with this corpse. The Chimpanzee, Gorilla, and Orangutan are primates with five digits on each hand (four fingers and one thumb) with keratin fingernails, this is also true with The Minnesota Ice Man. Humans also have five digits on each hand (four fingers and one thumb) with keratin fingernails. The Gorilla and Paul Freeman casts have shorter fingers; with thicker inter finger webbing and wider digits than the Human, Chimpanzee and Orangutan. The Minnesota Ice Man left hand that as an obvious rigor mortis, and a the real hand of a hominid corpse, sub-equal carpal phalanges, the fingers and knuckles are all similar in size, not much dimorphism. The Little finger - digitus minimus, is about equal to all the other fingers in size, not a human trait. More on hands the of the Minnesota Ice Man: “These are, as has been said, by far the most noticeable and outstanding morphological structures visible. They can only be described as enormous but this, as has also already been noted, is due more to their great bulk than to their actual linear measurements. They are slightly pinker than the rest of the skin, and they are not what is commonly called ‘gnarled’. To the contrary, they look more like those of a huge man who has had his hands in very hot dishwashing water for some hours. That this effect is not due to post mortem bloat would seem to be indicated by the fact that the sub-digital pads are not swollen nor the folds between them obliterated. In fact, the latter are rather prominent. The back of the right hand is very heavily haired, but the individual follicles are far apart and the stiff hairs curve gently over the sides and the tips of the fingers above the nails. The latter are ‘cropped’ just as if they had been neatly manicured; are rather flat and yellow in color; and are almost square. There is no evidence of post mortem growth. Of the hands, the most remarkable feature is the thumb. This appears to be as fully opposed as is ours, but it is remarkably slender and appears to reach almost to the terminal joint of the first or index finger. It also tapers, rather than expanding like the average man’s. The nail on the thumb is not visible on either hand. The knuckles are neither prominent nor even well-defined. A most notable feature of the palmar surface of the hands is one that puzzles us. This is that there is an enormous and prominent pad on the ‘heel’, at the outer side, behind or ‘above’, the fifth digit back. This far exceeds the sub-pollex pad in dimensions and protuberance. From this one is forced to speculate whether this creature may indeed spend time on all fours, with the hands applied to the ground in a plantigrade manner as are those of the baboons.” Of course being interested in Bigfoot, the feet are of great interest to us. The Minnesota Ice Man has wide feet and, like his hands sub-equal phalange characteristics (all four fingers are similar length) “The feet are, of course, the key point in this whole case. As we noted in our introductory remarks, the only remaining criterion for separating the hominids from the pongids — on purely morphological grounds, that is — is whether the hallux is apposed or opposed. We would stress the morphological as against the anatomical criteria here. In this case, the feet are definitely hominid. That they are apparently excessively wide and, it would seem by prognosis, rather short, and due to the size and ‘pudginess’, of the toes, would seem to indicate that they have the proportions of whatever left the allegedly ‘neanderthaloid’, tracks & imprints in the cave clay of Toirano in Italy The forward projecting foot is pink in color, has bulbous terminal pads, and horny yellowish nails that are also ‘cropped’, in that they do not curl over the ends of the toes as do ours if left untrimmed and as those of the Gulivavans are said to do—see reference in Russian works to these under the heading of the Jelmoguz-Jez-Tyrmak or ‘Copper Nails’, of the Tien Shan. The hair on the top of this foot is very long and curves over the toes and is very profuse to either side, curving over the main plantar mass. The toes are astonishingly equal in size, the little toe being large and the great-toe rather small in proportion. All form an almost straight ‘front’, which would seem to be the ideal conformation for steady forward progress in snow or loose soils. (Square-fronted snow-shoes have at last been found to be much more efficient and less tiring to wear than the standard spindle-shaped form). There is finally one point about the feet that the writer cannot confirm nor absolutely assert. This is that, as reconstructed (through a very long and repeated inspection through the ice) there would seem to be TWO post-hallux plantar pads such as form such a prominent feature of the Sasquatch-Ohmah-Hungerussu-Dzuteh, giant type of primitive hominid.” (Argosy, May 1969, pp. 23-31., a detailed description of the specimen by Dr. Bernard Heuvelmans (Ivan T. Sanderson) The importance of the BFRO (Bigfoot Field Research Organization : The importance of the BFRO cannot be emphasized enough. Without the BFRO the total chaos of the Bigfoot research community would be even worse off than it is, it established a depository for data and information and gave some law order to the hordes of Bigfoot enthusiasts getting in on the quest. I used their data when trying to make sense of my meager encounter to lend some sort of bolster of credibility, yes others in the areas of my inquiries have had similar, or even more meaningful experiences. Without the BFRO’s (Bigfoot Field Research Organization) founder and President Matt Moneymaker the Bigfoot world would be exponentially in worse, more unorganized, shape and of course a great deal smaller. Matt Moneymaker is considered the first Bigfoot researcher to build a centralized place for researchers to share their findings and experiences. The BFRO also paved the way for the general public, whom just by happenstance, see what they consider an alleged relict Hominoid known as Bigfoot, so local people can report local sightings of Bigfoot by locality, this adding exponentially to the overall Bigfoot statistical data banks by region. BFRO founder and President, Matt Moneymaker was born on September 2, 1965, he was raised in California alongside his two siblings. California has a whopping 425 reported sighting of the alleged relict hominoid known as Bigfoot, so he was in the right spot serendipitous no doubt. The Moneymaker family was a family of lawyers, hold the money making lawyer jokes, Matt Moneymaker’s father worked as a Los Angeles bankruptcy lawyer, and his brother and sister both are practicing lawyers as well as Matt himself. Matt received his Bachelor of Arts (BA) in English literature from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in the year 1992. Matt was not one to monkey around, as he continued his higher education at the University Of Akron School Of Law, in Akron, Ohio. Akron, Ohio is also the home of the Martin B6 Marauder museum, hallowed ground for WWII Army brats like me; my father completed 45 harrowing combat missions in a B26. Ohio also is also known for a relict hominoid known as Grassman, much like Bigfoot, Ohio residents have reported the Grassman lurking about rural farms and fields for nearly 150 years. At UAS Matt Moneymaker studied Copyright Law and graduated with a Juris Doctorate in 1996. A Juris Doctor degree is known as the highest law degree that can be earned in the United States and was originally a replacement to the Bachelor of Laws degree. A Juris Doctor or Juris Doctorate degree represents professional recognition that the holder has a doctoral degree in law. Imagine the brutality of academic pressures while endeavoring to obtain a doctoral degree in law! While still in the thralls of this intense environment, Matt Moneymaker somehow found the time and energy and founded Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization in 1995 and finished his doctoral degree in law the next year. Matt is recognized worldwide, as one of the leading trackers in the world when it comes to the alleged relict hominoid known as Bigfoot. Matt Moneymaker’s first-ever documentary was Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science, featuring Dr. Jeff Meldrum which fortuitously led to the book by the same name. Mysterious Encounters was the first of Matt Moneymaker’s TV shows in which he was the producer produced. Moneymaker joined the cast of Finding Bigfoot from the very first season in 2011. The other cast members included Ranae Holland, James Bobo Fay, Cliff Barackman. The show ended after 12 seasons on May 27, 2018, but it still can be seen and continues to be a crowd favorite. There are a scant few individuals undertaking this research in the halls of academia. Academic and Scientific Researchers whom have dedicated a substantial degree of efforts: Dr. Grover Krantz, Dr. Jeff Meldrum and Dr. John Bindernagel, two of these men have passed away. Only Dr. Meldrum remains. Here is what the Bigfoot Field Research Organization (BFRO) website has for the description of their organization: “Bigfoot Field Research Organization (BFRO) of the Founded in 1995, the BFRO is now the oldest and largest organization of its kind a virtual community of scientists, journalists, and specialists from diverse backgrounds. The researchers who compose the BFRO are engaged in projects, including field and laboratory investigations, designed to address various aspects of the Bigfoot phenomenon. As a result of the education and experience of its members and the quality of their efforts, the BFRO is widely considered as the most credible and respected investigative network involved in the study of this subject. It has always been the policy of the BFRO to study the species in ways that will not physically harm them. The BFRO organizes and reports observations and directs expeditions to places where the observations have occurred. Through this process, the BFRO steadily improves the size and scope of its collective expertise about these animals. BIGFOOT AND BUGS: According to .conservenature.org in a blog titled Chimpanzee Use Tools the publication describes in detail how the modified tree branches of specific size and shapes are selected and modified for the use in termite and ant “fishing”: “Jane Goodall first discovered chimpanzees using tools to capture termites, which were buried underground in sealed mounds of dirt called termite mounds. She noticed that they would use two different sticks as tools to acquire the protein rich insects”. It is interesting that massive ant hills are found in the northwest of the United States and in the forests of Canada, where the alleged relict hominoid known as Bigfoot is presumed to dwell; my speculation is that Bigfoot may also partake in this “any fishing activity”. I have seen these enormous ant hills in the deep forests of North Idaho, these ant hills were built by western thatching ants, an ant common to the Pacific Northwest. Ants are incredibly tiny but are calorie dense and packed with healthy nutrients. Colonies consist of up to 40,000 individuals tasty ants plus the eggs ant larvae is a five star dinning experience. According to naturallynorthidaho.com (2015): “The above-ground nests of western thatching ants can be up to three feet high and 4.5 feet in diameter. An extensive network of tunnels and chambers exists up to four feet beneath the thatch. Sometimes a few feet high, the mounds of needles, leaves, grass and small sticks is either teeming with activity or void of any movement, this depending on the time of year.” The first thing chimps do is use a heavy stick to chisel a hole into the termite mound to find an opening. The second tool they use is much more refined than their chisel. The second stick is known as a fishing tool and it is very special because they actually modify it before using it. The chimpanzees find a straight stick with specific characteristics (or long blade of grass) and pull all of the leaves off of it (modify it), so that they can easily fit the stick into the hole of the termite mound. If you wonder about the calories expended and those gained by eating ants, think of this; you are just sitting and chowing down, burning very few calories and according to secretsofsurvival.com “Three and a half ounces of red ants produces 14 grams of protein and 5.7 milligrams of iron. The 5.7 milligrams of iron represents about 71 percent of what men require each day. Women receive more than 33% of their iron needs from a 3.5-ounce serving of red ants.” Chimps are much better at termite fishing than we are. Jane Goodall herself tried her hand at termite fishing and couldn’t get nearly as many termites on the stick as the chimps she was watching did. Ever the experimentalist, I too had to try my hand at bug fishing, and you don’t even need a fishing license! I checked the size of the ant hole leading into the mount, of which there were several. I then procured a long evenly thick stick off a green living plant, the dead fall sticks are to dry and break, and they lack flexibility. Then I took a sharp rock chip and scraped all the leaves, leave stems, and uneven surfaces off the branch and cut it to about a foot and a half long (18 inches). I waited until the ant activity cooled down along with the temperature so I wouldn’t get stung too bad. I was only able to get the ant fishing stick down the ant hole a few inches, and it took some learning, like threading a needle for sewing. After some practice I was able to catch my limit. I am sure the alleged American relict hominoid otherwise known as Bigfoot would be an opportunistic feeder, grabbing a snack as opportunity presented itself, so if you have an ant hill, a Bigfoot and a stick, man you have a party! . When I was a kid someone had bought some chocolate covered ants, so I knew they were fit for human consumption, so down the hatch. I got stung a few times so I didn’t gorge myself; I think the chocolate would have been a nice addition. I know in certain parts of Mexico Australia and china people chow down on tasty ant treats and different ant species have different have different flavors, some are sweet, some sour, some spicy, I apparently didn’t eat enough pick up on much flavor, but I think I might have detected some nutty-ness? 80% of the world’s population consumes insects as part of their daily diet, so if you are reading this, and you are eating a bug, you are probably thinking what the big deal is? Insectivorous, is the term for a species that dines on bugs for a living, Bigfoot would most likely be an opportunistic feeder on whatever became available with certain mainstream dietary items. Insects are seasonal just like berries, bitterroot, and salmon and so on. According to Smithsonian Magazine “bears can eat 40,000 moths a day. One group of scientists analyzed bear scat and revealed that a foraging grizzly could gobble 40,000 moths in a day. At that rate, the bear can consume about one-third of its yearly energy requirements in just 30 days!” Edible crickets and edible grasshoppers, Crickets and grasshoppers provide abundant calcium. The easy to catch insect also contains 20.6 grams of protein for every 100 grams of insect that you consume. Edible locusts, Similar to crickets and grasshoppers, locusts also contain rich amounts of calcium and protein. Most survival experts recommend boiling ants, but before doing so, you need to shake the container to remove any dirt and mud clinging to any ants. Eating ants raw creates a bitter vinegar taste that boiling in water removes. (secretsofsurvival.com) In some parts of the world, some types of caterpillars are a rich food source. However, please note, that some caterpillars are toxic to humans. When I was 20 year old, anthropologist, Dr. Nancy Walker at CSUN took me along on a trip to the Northern Paiute Reservation near Bishop, California. It was the annual pine nut gathering for the season, it was very festive. The family, Dr. Walters had me staying with, was very friendly and kind. “Manahuu!” (Hello), and it wasn’t but a few minutes when the grandfather took me over to the river bed area and helped me find a very long and strait stick, and to that we tied another with twine, we created a very long pole. The family gathered up and filled the pickup trucks with pine nut poles, tarps to catch the falling nots and cones and some baskets to transport them in. It was very festive and all were joking and having fun. We all took our long polies and whipped the pinion trees, like casting for fly fishing and the pinion nut came raining down on the tarps. Along with the nut, called “pin-yow-nee” nuts showing on the traps, the light thud of massive pine grubs! You could hear their little feet scratching along the tarp, but not for long, the Paiute kids would race each other, giggling and scoop them up and slurp them down, this was a fun part of the Paiute tribal pin-yoow-nee harvest tradition. The family gathered around with anticipation to watch the newbie eat his first “pa-hoe-gee” (big fat disgusting pine grub). They all were laughing and giving hilarious encouragement, so I took a deep breath and closed my eyes and dropped the five inch pudgy worm down the hatch! The crowd went wild with laughter as the worm, now half eaten twisted and went into convolutions and spasms twisting wildly in my nose holes and around my chin, the worm popped and puss colored fluid ran down my neck, I could feel the bug struggling for life in mouth when I flipped back my neck and slurped the sucker down. Everybody cheered and laughed and the grandfather patted me on the back. To me it tasted like turpentine or pine sap, but after the first one I chowed down with the best of them. That night back at the house we floated the pin-yoow-nee nuts, the good one sink and the bad ones are hollow and they float, so you winnow them in water. While that was being done the “pa-hoe-gee” (big fat disgusting pine grubs) were being cooked up “fry bread style” and we ate them like popcorn or a snack like that as some of the adults talked story. One story that sounded like a Bigfoot story was about a giant man like beast they called “Tse’ nahaha” and “Pu’ wihi”, the creature is known to kill people, sometimes with just a fierce look! Pu’ wihi was said to have stolen a baby and ground it up with a mortar and pestle and ate it. It was a wonderful cultural tradition and that was my big bug eating adventure. My weeks with the Paiute family were a festival of flavors and a cherished memory. I was enriched through experiencing this unique and beautiful cultural heritage of the Bishop Paiute Tribe, formerly known as the Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop. I can imagine when seasonal foods mature to the edible stage or ripen, in specific geographical eco-zones, various groups of Bigfoot, extended families and acquaintances would rendezvous for such occasions, and these quite possibly, would be wonderful social gatherings and chances for the younger adults to the to meet future mates. I have seen poles like this out in the woods, I never thought about it until I started reminiscing about my pin-yow-nee pole, I wonder if the alleged Bigfoot would use such a pole to dispatch birds’ eggs, nuts, squirrels, tree snakes, lizards, pine grubs and any other food product found in tall trees? The overall mission of the BFRO is multifaceted, but the organization essentially seeks to resolve the mystery surrounding the Bigfoot phenomenon, that is, to derive conclusive documentation of the species' existence. This goal is pursued through the proactive collection of empirical data and physical evidence from the field and by means of activities designed to promote an awareness and understanding of the nature and origin of the evidence. The “science community” has a hive mind, if you want grants, scholarships and so on; you have to be in lock step with your peers on all current theoretical issues. Even today science politics are married and connected at the hip. In the halls of academia your political inclination and or affiliation has more weight than your research achievements. So yes, the so called scientists, all jumped on the Ice Man Hoax train, industry leader flip their bill, lumber included, so the ‘intelligencia” were led by the nose ring over to the bank to cash their checks. If you look closely it is obviously a real corpse. The brow ridge protects the eyes sockets against fracture. Primitive people like Neanderthals had thick brow-ridges. One of its arms appeared to be broken and one of its eyes appeared to have been knocked out of its socket, allegedly by a bullet that was supposed to have entered the animal's head from behind. Promoter and exhibitor Frank Hansen Touring carnivals and fairs with the exhibit, Hansen was once reportedly detained by Canadian customs officials, who were concerned he was transporting a cadaver. This all makes much sense considering that the word Bigfoot was coined in Bluff Creek in 1958 when loggers found footprints that made the news which prompted the logging companies to send armed hunters with the logging teams. In 1960, a similar event occurred in south-eastern British Colombia, near where I’m now living, at a place called since Sasquatch Lake. Hunting parties were sent to hunt down the Sasquatch”. NESTING AND CLANKING ROCKS COBBLE AND BOULDER THROWING Bigfoot and Human: Stick and Rock Art. By Ray Harwood for BQM Questions to Consider Were these symbols developed millennia ago and used by both humans and relict hominoids and adapted by both species separately, still maintaining early elements of specific symbols and their meanings? What are the types of stick art, and Rock art are there and what are their defining features? Could Bigfoot be responsible for some of the rock and stick art discovered on rack faces and along the trails in the wilderness? Introduction For more than many thousands of years, human beings have been inspired to create what archeologists and researchers call “rock art”: These paintings and engravings were applied to natural stone surfaces such as on large boulders, cliff faces and cave walls. It is difficult to know when the sites in these particular images were created, because currently there are few techniques for dating rock art. Generally speaking, rock paintings in unprotected environments (like exposed boulder faces and cliffs) are thought to be less than 500 years old because they are exposed to wind and rain. But carved designs in hard rock like granite are durable and can last for thousands of years in a stable environment. . Meaning Rock art (ancient cave paintings, pictographs and petroglyphs) can range from simple scratch marks to elaborate painted or chiseled motifs. Some common abstract design elements include circles, concentric circles, spirals, dots, and meandering lines that are seen in rock art are also seen to some degree in the alleged Bigfoot glyphs. Representative designs include human forms and animals, in the corresponding Bigfoot stick glyphs for these same concepts are represented by abstract forms and symbols (see chart). What separates Bigfoot from ancient people, is that humans have the opposable thumb, this allows very advanced tactile movements and allows humans do things no other living things can. According to Dr. Jeff Meldrum (2006, page 110) “The hand print is quite large, over 8 inches across the palm, and correlates with the large 17-tracks reportedly associated with it. The hand exhibits the more apelike characteristics of relatively flat palm and non-opposable thump. It also displays the thick and nearly sub-equal fingers with extensive webbing between the digits. The flexion creases on the palm and digits are faint, as to be expected when a hand is bearing weight, but discernible, permitting inferences to be drawn placement of joints in the fingers” The fact that the relict hominid hand does not share the human trait of the fully opposable thumb would require the Sasquatch to hold or steady the stone chisel during the preparation and fallow through of the rock pecking or painting. Certainly impeding an advanced carving of any sort, the subdominant hand steadies the pick or chisel and the dominant hand supplies the impact force. Meld-rum’s description of Freeman’s relict hand imprint indicates a non-opposable thumb. Historically the Sasquatch is noticeably devoid of cultural elements such as creating modified rocks. Theoretically, the modern Sasquatch hands are anatomically incorrect to perform the tasks of chiseling images or symbols into rock faces. In an attempt to support my theory, that Bigfoot may have created some basic rock art, I conducted a myriad of experiments without the use of my opposable thumb and found, although difficult, very rudimentary patterns were possible. Types of Rock Art: Petroglyphs are rock engravings produced by pecking (striking the surface of the rock with a harder small stone), chiseling (using a hammer stone to pound a sharp stone chisel), abrading (rubbing or battering the rock surface with a rounded stone), or scratching (using a very sharp edged stone to scratch finer lines). Is possible Bigfoot may also have been pecking these into rock faces for thousands of years and may still be doing this? Cupules, a type of petroglyph, are small, cup-shaped indentations. They are pecked or ground into the stone and appear randomly or sometimes in lines or groups. Newly created cupules have been documented in areas of high volumes of Bigfoot encounters, it is possible Bigfoot may have been pecking these into rock faces for thousands of years and may still be doing this. Pictographs are designs painted on rock surfaces with paints made from natural mineral pigments mixed with animal fats, egg whites, plant oils, or urine to bind them. Hematite (iron oxide) was used for red paints, limonite for yellow, kaolin clays for white, and charcoal for black. Paints were applied with brushes made from plant fiber or applied with fingers and hands. Could some ancient and even newly created, crudely applied pictographs be attributed to Bigfoot? Sand drawings have been documented in areas of high volumes of Bigfoot encounters; it is possible Bigfoot may have been messing around with paint, perhaps as simply as applying wet clay to a surface and creating basic designs? Rob Ross would be proud! Geoglyphs; are usually giant drawings on the ground that depicts geometric designs, human forms, and animal figures. These large designs were created by clearing the dark rock of desert pavements and exposing the lighter colored rock and sand below. Many of these figures were made over the last 2,000 years. Bigfoot Geoglyphs and human tracking symbols are much smaller and simpler versions of the Geoglyph style of signage, making rock rings and stacks of rocks. The number of rocks stacked, color or placement perhaps giving various distinct meanings. More spiritual or metaphysical concepts made by ancient peoples, such as Bigfoot, Bigfoot’s feet, Human-like forms with, antennas or radiating lines seem to be paranormal beings. Furthermore animals such as the lizard and rattlesnake are thought to be symbols spirit helpers. Some ancient rock art motifs seem to resemble the visionary imagery of trance states, altered states of consciousness which Native American shamans entered to communicate with the spirit world. In a similar vein, in the “emerald Triangle area of Northern California, Bigfoot is often reported to steel the buds off commercially grown marijuana plants, this is discussed in the film Hulu Sasquatch (see movie review in BQM #1). In the movie Primal Rage there is a scene where the Native Americas are having a sweat lodge experience with peyote and one of them see as a hallucination of a sasquatch dancer (see movie review in BQM #1). As seen in my sketch below the tribal policeman is having a vision quest in the sweat lodge. -Much of the rock art allegedly depicts psychotropic visions- Is it plausible to conceptualize that Bigfoot is taking …cytotropic mushrooms and marijuana buds to experience altered states of consciousness as well? If you remember in No.1 issue of Bigfoot Quest Magazine I discussed being hit by thrown mushrooms and I talked about gifting – Bigfoot wanted to party? Many Bigfoot glyphs may not even be recognizable to researchers as they may not be symbols we are accustomed to, these could be hidden clues to Bigfoots spiritual or religious side. to.could Marijuana and peyote are capable of giving psychotropic visions. What are the types of stick art, and what are their defining features? These are the common glyphs that some researchers have alleged to be made by Sasquatch. Some compare these to the human tracking symbols. As you see some of the glyphs match up on both charts and the meaning maybe similar. The “A” shaped glyph: The letter “A” is the third most commonly used letter in the English alphabet (the letter e being in first place, followed closely by the letter t) and first in the order of placement in the modern Alphabet. Similar symbols are found in the Bigfoot chart. The letter “A”  we still use today is derived from the Phoenician letter “aleph” (looks exactly like the glyph)—a western Semitic word referring to the ox a beast of burden. Aleph can be traced back to the Middle Bronze Age and the Proto-Sinaitic script found in parts of Egypt and Canaan from around 1850 BCE (Before the Common Era). The character comes from an ancient Egyptian hieroglyph or pictogram depicting an ox’s head. So you see the various early beginnings for the symbol “A” are derived from a horned mammal, the symbol, seen upside down, clearly gives the image of horned mammals that were essential for food and labor necessary in daily life in those ancient cultures. Vikings were also known to use the capital letter “A” inverted upside down as a symbol for ungulates like deer, elk, moose and so on. I'm thinking this could be a trail sign made by hunters, survivalists or Bigfoot then the capital letter a glyph would be representing an ungulate like a deer elk moose or so on as well. I have seen them in the deep forest near elk herds, wallows and even butcher sites. Big footer Dave Gibson states capital “A” glyph translates to big man, but he gives no explanation for his conclusion, but later researcher Bruce Kelly, from the Critical Coalition, told me that Gibson found a “Kanji Symbol” that looked similar to the “A” Glyph that translated to “Big Man”. Kanji are Japanese symbols that represent whole words. Kanji symbols can stand alone, or combine with other kanji to form more advanced concepts. Tree twist glyph, I took this photo at the North American Bigfoot Center The “X” Glyph in modern America humans use the “X” symbol for several things outside of being the 24th letter in the alphabetic sequence. It is stands for purity like in “X-Mas” for Jesus but also stands for “X-Rated” for pornography or “XOXO” means hugs and kisses, a bit dialed down from the “Rated X” thing. An “X” on a bottle, usually in conjunction with the image of a human skull means poison. “ X”stands for a chromosome, (in humans and other mammals) a sex chromosome, two of which are normally present in female cells (designated XX) and only one in male cells (designated XY). Since its inception, the letter X has struggled to establish its own identity, so it may be no coincidence that X is commonly used to represent the unknown in both language and mathematics. But, how was it created? X is derived from the Phoenician letter samekh, meaning “fish.” Originally used by the Phoenicians to represent the /s/ consonant (denoting a hard S sound), the Greeks borrowed the samekh around 900 BC and named it Chi. The Romans later adopted the X sound from the Chalcidian alphabet, a non-Ionic Greek alphabet, and borrowed the Chi symbol, consisting of two diagonally crossed strokes, from the Greek alphabet to denote the letter X as well as to identify the Roman numeral X or “10.” Indiana Jones, in the 1989 film, The Last Crusade, said to his class ““X” never marks the spot”, then later in the plot he finds the knights Temblor grave under a tile “X” In the movie Its’ a Mad, Mad World a treasure is found under two palm trees that cross each other and form a massive “X”. The “T”is the second most commonly used letter in English-language texts. T is the twentieth letter in the modern English alphabet In Egypt the letter “T” Symbol represented, among other things, the two deadly fangs of the venomous cobra snake. In Hebrew the “T” symbol meant serpent as when Mosses place the bronze snake upon the cross. Caduceus wand represents the power over the duality of the body: good and evil, male and female, the serpent and Jesus. The serpent is on both side of this stylistic cross used for the medical science symbol. The three lined up parallel sticks glyph appears to be signage for water, one stick for earth, the middle for water and the third for sky. In mathematics, the triple bar is sometimes used as a symbol of identity or equivalence. A three line tattoo on the human arm is symbolism for Shiva’s power: Action, knowledge and power. Alaska’s Indigenous women have Gwich’in tattoos have the three parallel lines on the chin that represent a rite of passage, California’s Hupa tribe along the Trinity River also had the same chin tattoos, three vertical lines. Interesting enough the Hupa and Alaskan tribes both speak Athabaskan. (See also the Hupa, or Hoopa, project by David Paulides, for the Bigfoot connection here) Matthew Johnson, of Team Sasquatch USA, states that there is no way to know the meaning of glyphs. Stephen Streufert, owner of Bigfoot books and Coalition for Critical Thinking about Bigfoot, and Bigfoot film star, states that he thinks glyphs are, for the most part, nothing more than random coincidence. Streufert told me he did have a strange experience seeing an arrow shaped glyph, like the one on both the trail chart and the Bigfoot glyph chart, it was in a very brushy area by his home pointing at a very isolated trail that could not have been accessed by other humans, he did not say it was Bigfoot but indicated it was quite strange. Daniel Perez, a pioneer of bigfoot research, conveyed that he does not know if Bigfoot glyphs or Bigfoot rock art are a real thing, but he did comment to me that no one has seen a Bigfoot make a glyph or rock art image. I conducted dozens and dozens of tests and experiments with sticks, with independent variables and mathematical calculations, I have come to the conclusion that 4% of the time random type scenarios The letter “A” glyph is produced. I started with 300 such tests there was an average of 12 sets of three sticks that form this “A” glyph. “X” shaped glyph almost always shows up 6% of the time under experimental conditions. The “arrow” Glyph never occurred in my experiments of random chance. The “T” or cross manifested 6%, the “fence: or double “H” occurred 1%, the 3 lines occurred 6%. I am hoping this article inspires Bigfoot researcher and tracker to start paying close attention to these strange stick patterns along trails and in the back country, If we can get enough examples and contexts in relation to other objects perhaps we can code break these obscure symbols and learn a bit more about the mysteries of nature. Although some of the patterns are the result of natural forces and random chance, other from trail hikers and hoaxers, there may be some made and used by Bigfoot. Perhaps this article can serve assort of the Rosetta stone for Bigfoot glyphs https://wisdomtavern.com http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/california-cultures/california-rock-art 
 MELDRUM DISCRIBES SKULL BIGFOOT’S BRAIN